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GLPH 271 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS., Exams of Nursing

Stanford UniversityNursing

GLPH 271 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/06/2025

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GLPH 271 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
For all people to realize health in a comprehensive manner health-promoting social
conditions are needed, like (4 things) - answer 1. The availability of health services
2. Adequate housing
3. Safe work conditions
4. Nutritious food
health defined - answer " health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not simply an absence of disease or infirmity"
- there are a number of cultures who believe spiritual well- being contributes to health
WHO was formed in - answer 1948
world health day - answer April 7th
according to the constitution of the Who- health as a human right - answer the enjoyment
of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is one of the fundamental
rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political benefit,
economic or social condition"
· In support of this mandate, WHO acts as the directing and coordinating authority for
health within the UN system by: - answer - Providing leadership on global health matters
- Shaping the health research agenda
- Setting norms and standards
- Articulating evidence-based policy options
- Providing technical support to countries
- Monitoring and assessing health trends
the health promotion movement of 1980 was fostered by the Who. This movement
brought in a new understanding of health because it included the dynamic concept of_____
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GLPH 271 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND

CORRECT ANSWERS

For all people to realize health in a comprehensive manner health-promoting social conditions are needed, like (4 things) - answer 1. The availability of health services

  1. Adequate housing
  2. Safe work conditions
  3. Nutritious food health defined - answer " health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being and not simply an absence of disease or infirmity"
  • there are a number of cultures who believe spiritual well- being contributes to health WHO was formed in - answer 1948 world health day - answer April 7th according to the constitution of the Who- health as a human right - answer the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political benefit, economic or social condition" · In support of this mandate, WHO acts as the directing and coordinating authority for health within the UN system by: - answer - Providing leadership on global health matters
  • Shaping the health research agenda
  • Setting norms and standards
  • Articulating evidence-based policy options
  • Providing technical support to countries
  • Monitoring and assessing health trends the health promotion movement of 1980 was fostered by the Who. This movement brought in a new understanding of health because it included the dynamic concept of_____
  • answer Resiliency: the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource of everyday life, not the objective of living, it is a positive concept, emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capacities ___ + ____ + _____ = resiliency - answer social support + emotional and mental capabilities + physical strength = resiliency Global health as a discipline was established on the basis of four factors - answer 1. Decision making based on data and evidence - vital statistics, surveillance and outbreak investigations, laboratory science
  1. A focus on populations rather than individuals
  2. A goal of social justice and equity
  3. An emphasis on prevention rather than curative care What is global health - answer an area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Global health emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions, involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and promoted interdisciplinary collaboration, and is a synthesis of population based prevention with individual level clinical care What is public health - answer the organized efforts of society to keep people healthy and prevent injury, illness and premature death. It is a combination of programs, services and policies that protect and promote the health of all
  • promoted the highest attainment of health for all people and death with health from a population perspective. Public health ensures that health is addressed early in life and that access to health resources are available as needed public health activities fall under one of the three areas, what are they (3Ps) - answer 1. Prevention: vaccinations for the flu, immunization programs
  1. Promotion: encouraging active transportation, breast feeding initiatives, nutritional education programs
  2. Protection: food inspection, evaluating air and water quality Role of public health: aims to keep the population healthy through the following activities

Factors what influence health (3 main factors) - answer illness results from the interplay between external factors, internal factors and the social determinates of health what makes Canadians sick? (4 things- percentages) - answer 50% your life 25% your health care 15% your biology 10% your environment health equity definition - answer the absence of avoidance or remediable health differences among groups of people, whether those groups are defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically he ultimate goal of addressing health inequities and disparities is to achieve____ _____ - answer ·health equity upstream prevention - answer interventions that aim to treat the cause of a health problem downstream prevention - answer interventions that focus on treating the health problem For all population to become rich and healthy, Hans Rosling believed that we need: ( things) - answer 1. Time

  1. Trade
  2. Peace
  3. Green technology healthcare advocacy is a critical competency because - answer it involves health promotion at the individual and population level an advocate is ... - answer one the pleads the cause of another specifically one that lease the cause of another before a tribunal or judicial court OR one that defends to maintains a cause or proposal OR one that supports or promoted the interests of another · Being an advocate health the cause(s) of people who need support to be fairly

represented or defended advocate - Joan of arc - answer believed that, despite being a girl, she was destined to help free France from the English. In her mid-teens, she managed to lead the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years War, which paved the way from the coronation of Charles VII advocate- Abraham Lincoln - answer instrumental in the preservation of the US while ending slavery and promoting economic and financial modernization advocate- Suffragette movement - answer advocated for change within society to allow and accept women's rights advocate- Dr. Martin Luther King: - answer instrumental leader during the civil rights movement for African Americans to gain equal rights advocate- Tommy Douglas - answer noted as being the father of socialized medicine which was the original beginning of our current health care system in Canada advocate- Jams Orbinski - answer founder of the McMaster University Health Reach Program that investigates and promotes the health of children in war zones According to the description of health advocate in CanMeds, physicians should be able to:

  • answer - Respond to individual patient health needs and issues as part of patient care
  • Respond to the health needs of the communities that they serve
  • Identify the determinants of health of the populations that they serve
  • Promote the health of individual patients, communities and population

disease and promote health

  • to look at interventions to try to improve things
  • Find out what is working and what is not why are Measurements and assessments in health important - answer Measurements and assessments in health reveal the need for health interventions and they provide evidence about whether or not health interventions are effective Incidence (tub example) - answer is a measure of the flow of water into the tub
  • Proportion of people who developed a disease in a given time = incidence Prevalence (tub example) - answer is a measure of the proportion of the tub (the tub population) filled with water (the prevalence cases. Prevalent cases end up leaving the tub by wither recovery or death) period prevalence versus point prevalence - answer period prevalence: the number of existing cases measured over a period of time and divided by the average population during that time point prevalence: the proportion of the population that has the disease at a specific point in time sometimes that at- risk population is constant, however it is not safe to assume the at risk population is constant when: - answer - Incidence is high
  • There is a high death rate from other causes
  • People from the population can't be monitored (e.g. emigrants)
  • There are a lot of births or immigrants increasing the at- risk population

incidence versus prevalence: rapidity of disease occurrence - answer incidence - proportion of population developing new cases of disease prevalence - proportion of population with disease incidence versus prevalence: units - answer incidence - cases/ person- time or cases/ population-at - risk prevalence - cases/ total population (whether newly diagnoses cases or cases developing sometime in the past) incidence versus prevalence: time of disease - answer incidence- newly diagnosed prevalence- surviving cases, whether diagnoses recently or at any time in the past incidence versus prevalence: denominator - answer incidence- number of person- years (or person- months) free of the disease on interest, Number of persons free of disease at baseline

characteristics that are known to influence mortality (e.g. age and gender). The most common standardized mortality is by - answer age how do healthcare workers overcome measurement barriers in developing countries - what are some limitations of this - answer surveys - verbal autopsy - fieldworkers go to the family of diseased and asks about symptoms, circumstances of death

  • expensive, time-consuming, and reliability, you can never really be sure if differences in causes of death are real or because of the methods of determining what is the new method of mortality measurement in developing countries (video) - answer computer coding of verbal autopsy
  • statistical methods, probabilistic approach
  • tells you a probable cause of death based on info imputed into computer
  • real time data processing Relative risk - answer the number of times more likely than one group of people will become ill compared to another group. Risk is simply the accumulative incidence of being exposed to an illness Odds ratio - answer in the absence of information about the incidence of an entire population, you can calculate an odds ratio based on information about the primary group (E+) and the comparative group (E-) Disability Adjusted Life Year - answer standardized quantitative measure burden of disease Mortality (life expectancy - age of death (Life Years)) + morbidity (disability weight (per

disability) x duration of disability (Disability Adjustment)) pros of DALY - answer - Common metric

  • Allow direct comparison of burden across diseases
  • Summing burden across diseases
  • Permit comparing treated and untreated diseases
  • Compare different disease interventions
  • Treatment expansion vs. prevention campaigns years lived with Disability, incorporates ___ and ___ into a single measure - answer disability and mortality years life lost- two defining characteristics - answer 1. It take into account age of death by subtracting life expectancy by the average age of death
  1. It places more weight on illness that result in early mortality because dying young has a bigger impact on both the individual and society at large criticisms of DALY - answer - by weighting disability, able- bodies people are values more highly than people with disabilities
  • doesn't account for age of people which is related to a person's ability to contribute to society
  • prioritizing intervention based on people's potential to contribute to society what is the global burden of disease - answer Measure of total health loss from hundreds of diseases and injuries (and their risk factors) that provides insight into the health status of different populations throughout the world
  1. HIV - answer - Infects white blood cells called helper T cells destroying them over time and eventually causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • World's leading infectious disease and has killed over 39 million people including 3. million children
  • Spread from person to person via bodily fluids
  • Typically treated using antiretroviral therapy, which can greatly prolong life and suppress symptoms, but does not cure the disease. The main prevention strategies are condom use and treatment of mothers with ART during the perinatal period to prevent spread to their babies
  • The GBD for this disease is increasing in developing countries and decreasing in developed countries, and it is a leading cause of death in Africa. HIV - populations most effected and population causes of disease - answer populations most affected:
  • children in Africa
  • Almost 90% of global childhood HIV death occurs in the African Region population causes of disease:
  • lack of regular HIV testing
  • limited access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for mothers and children in rural areas
  • high levels of stigma surrounding HIV, particularly for pregnant women
  1. Tuberculosis - answer - Bacterium that infects 1/3 of the world's population
  • Only 5-10% of those infected will develop active TB infection
  • Percentage is much higher when co- infected with HIV
  • Can be treated with antibiotic, but drug resistance is a major global health problem and is made worse with non- compliance with medications
  • The GBD for this disease is decreasing in both developed and developing countries with more than ½ of all cases found in the south- east Asia and western pacific regions
  • Caused 4.77% of deaths in southeast asia in 2013 TB- populations most effected and population causes of disease - answer populations most affected:
  • people in India
  • approximately one-quarter of TB cases occur in India population causes of disease:
  • TB is exacerbated by malnutrition and tobacco smoking which are common in India
  • early TB detection and drug adherence are not emphasized in Indias healthcare system
  1. Malaria - answer - Caused by the parasite Plasmodium Falciparum, which can be transmitted between humans by mosquitoes
  • More prevalent but less deadly that HIV
  • 200 million cases and over 500,000 deaths in 2013
  • curable using anti- malarial drugs and preventable using insecticide- treated mosquito nets and indoor sprays
  • GBD for this disease is extremely small in developed countries and decreasing in developing countries
  • DALS is still as high as 17% in countries such as Gambia Malaria- populations most effected and population causes of disease - answer populations most affected:
  • sub- Saharan Africa
  • Poor health/ death of child
  • Low birth weights · Motherless children are
  • Less likely to get an education
  • More likely to die · Building a women trust in healthcare increases prevention care for the whole family Maternal conditions
  1. Economic reasons - answer · 70% those who live in absolute poverty are women · women are more likely to spend what the make on their family · maternal health interventions are among the most cost effective in health · building solid maternal health services strengthens the whole health care system Maternal conditions
  2. social justice - answer · maternal deaths are rooted in women's powerlessness and their unequal access to
  • employment
  • finances
  • education
  • basic health care · women must be empowered neonatal health - answer accounts for only the first 28 days of like, and yet 40% of child deaths occur during their period

· the main causes of neonatal death are preterm births, infections, and birth asphyxia (strangulation) interventions improving neonatal health - answer 1. prenatal visits

  1. skilled birth attendants
  2. emergency care
  3. post- natal care causes of neonatal morbidity - answer 1. preterm birth and low infections (36%)
  4. birth weight (28%)
  5. birth trauma (23%) non- communicable disease - answer - cannot be spread from one person to another, although in some cases, the behaviours that lead to them can be thought of a s contagious
  • among both men and women, most deaths are due to non- communicable conditions such as Cv disease and cancer
  • account for 6/10 deaths globally
  • the rate of NCDs is increasing even in poor countries leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide - answer cadriovascular disease · WHO describes the cardiovascular disease as the large category that includes multiple conditions which include (4): - answer - Coronary (or ischemic) heart disease
  • Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • Innovative public health research is in progress and secondary prevention CVD intervention- Education - answer - Education about risk factors and policies
  • Education on healthy choices goes hand in hand with policies to help people make those choices 2nd largest burden of disease - answer cancer every type of cancer saw an increase in incidence between 1990 and 2013 except - answer Hodgkin Lymphona drivers behind INC cancer cases between 1990 and 2013 - answer - population is growing
  • population is ageing
  • cancer rates are increasing over time --. Some types of cancers have experiences larger incidence rates (ex. Brest, prostate, kidney) global cancer prevention strategies - answer 1. educate people to increase avoidance of common risk factors
  1. vaccinate against HPV and HBV
  2. control occupational hazards
  3. reduce exposure to sunlight 5th leading cause of DALYs and has increased by almost 40% from 1990 - answer mental illness mental, neurological and substance use disorders make up ___ of the global burden of

disease and ___ of non- fatal disease burden - answer 10%, 30% around ___ of the world's children and adolescence have a mental disorder - answer 1/ ______is one of the leading causes of disability, affecting 264 million people - answer depression _____is the second leading cause of death in individuals aged 15- 29 - answer suicide around 1/9 people in setting affected by _____have a moderate or severe mental disorder - answer conflict people with severe mental disorders die ______ years earlier than the general population - answer 10 to 20 rates of metal health workers vary from below _____ population in low-income countries to over ______ in high-income countries - answer 2 per 100 000 70 per 100 000 the global economy loses about ____per year in productivity due to depression and anxiety

  • answer US $ 1 trillion mental health action plan (2013- 2020) (4 goals) - answer 1. to strengthen effective leadership and governance for mental health
  1. to provide comprehensive, integrated and responsive mental health and social care services in community- based settings