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structural analysis - Correct Answers ✅✅Analysis of words by identifying prefixes, suffixes, root words, inflectional endings, contractions, word combinations forming compound words, and syllabication. (ch 5) allusion - Correct Answers ✅✅An indirect reference to a persona, place, thing or event considered to be known to the reader or listener. (ch 7) consonant blend - Correct Answers ✅✅Two or more adjacent letters whose sounds are blended together, with each individual sounds retaining its identity. (ch 6) consonant digraph - Correct Answers ✅✅Two adjacent consonant letters that represent a single speech sound. (ch 6) dipthong - Correct Answers ✅✅Vowel sounds that are so closely blended that they can be treated as a single vowel unit for purposes of word identification. (ch 6) grapheme - Correct Answers ✅✅a written symbol that represents a phoneme. (ch 6) onsets - Correct Answers ✅✅consonants or consonant clusters at the beginning of a syllable. (ch. 6)
rimes - Correct Answers ✅✅vowels, vowel combinations or any consonants that follow the initial consonant of a syllable. (ch 6) vowel digraph - Correct Answers ✅✅two adjacent vowel letters that represent a single speech sound. (ch 6) analogies - Correct Answers ✅✅Comparisons of two like relationships. Eg., Author is to book as artist is to painting. (ch 7) appositive - Correct Answers ✅✅A word or phrase placed by another word or phrase as a restatement. (ch 7) morphemes - Correct Answers ✅✅The smallest units of meaning in a language. (ch 7) metacognition - Correct Answers ✅✅A person's knowledge of the functioning of his/her own mind, and conscious efforts to monitor or control this functioning. (ch 8) anaphora - Correct Answers ✅✅use of a word as a substitute for another word or group of words. (ch 9) ellipsis - Correct Answers ✅✅The omission of a word or group of words that are to be "understood" by the reader. (ch 9)
traditional literature - Correct Answers ✅✅a literary genre of stories, without identified authors, which are passed down through oral narration. (ch 11) writing process - Correct Answers ✅✅A student-centered procedure for writing consisting of (1) prewriting, (2) drafting, (3) revising, (4) editing, (5) publishing. (ch 11) expository style - Correct Answers ✅✅a precise, factual writing style. (ch 13) language arts - Correct Answers ✅✅listening, speaking, reading, writing, viewing, and visually representing. (ch 13) interactive theory - Correct Answers ✅✅a theory that depicts reading as a combination of reader-based and text-based processes. (ch. 1) modality - Correct Answers ✅✅a sensory system for receiving and processing information (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile). (ch 1) metacognitive strategies - Correct Answers ✅✅techniques for thinking about and monitoring one's own thought processes. (ch 1) fluency - Correct Answers ✅✅the ability to read with automaticity, appropriate rate, good expression, and good comprehension. (ch 1)
transactive theory - Correct Answers ✅✅A theory based on Rosenblatt's idea that every reading act is a transaction that involves a reader and a text and occurs at a particular time in a specific context, with meaning coming into being during the transaction between the reader and the text. (ch 1) semantic cues/clues - Correct Answers ✅✅a meaning clue. (ch. 1) schemata - Correct Answers ✅✅a preexisting knowledge structure (cluster of information) developed about a persona, place, thing, or idea. (ch 1) syntactic cues/clues - Correct Answers ✅✅a clue derived from the word order in sentences. (ch 1) visual discrimination - Correct Answers ✅✅the ability to visually differentiate between different shapes. (ch 1) subskill theory - Correct Answers ✅✅a theory that depicts reading as a set of subskills that children must master and integrate. (ch 1) cloze procedure - Correct Answers ✅✅A technique in which the teacher deletes words or structures from a passage and the students fill int he blanks using context from surrounding material. (ch 3)
auditory acuity - Correct Answers ✅✅sharpness of hearing. (ch 1) value-added assessment - Correct Answers ✅✅a statistical way to compare students' scores on a standardized test from one year to another in order to determine the growth a student made during a given year. (ch 3) prosody - Correct Answers ✅✅the rhythmic patterns of oral language or speech. (ch 4) sight word - Correct Answers ✅✅words that are recognized immediately, without having to resort to analysis. (ch 4) scaffolding - Correct Answers ✅✅providing support through modelling or feedback, and then withdrawing the support gradually as the learner gains confidence. (ch 4) zone of proximal development - Correct Answers ✅✅the span between a child's actual skill level and potential level; a period where assistance should be provided. (ch 4) context clues - Correct Answers ✅✅clues to word meanings or pronunciations found in the surrounding words or sentences. (ch 5)
homographs - Correct Answers ✅✅words that have identical spellings but different meanings. (ch 5) inflectional endings - Correct Answers ✅✅endings that when added to nouns change the number, case, or gender; when added to verbs change the person or tense; and when added to adjectives change the degree. (ch 5) antonyms - Correct Answers ✅✅a pair of words that have opposite meanings. (ch 7) etymology - Correct Answers ✅✅the origin and history of words. (ch 7) euphemism - Correct Answers ✅✅the substitution of a less offensive word or phrase for an unpleasant term or expression. (ch 7) homographs - Correct Answers ✅✅words with the same spelling but different meanings. (ch 7) homonyms/homophones - Correct Answers ✅✅Pairs or groups of words that are spelled differently but are pronounced alike. (ch 7) hyperbole - Correct Answers ✅✅extreme exaggeration. (ch 7)
fiction - Correct Answers ✅✅stories that are not true, written in a narrative style, for the purpose of entertainment. (ch 11) legends - Correct Answers ✅✅unverified historical stories that originated orally. (ch 11) nonfiction - Correct Answers ✅✅true stories or information designed to inform or instruct. (ch 11) content-area textbooks - Correct Answers ✅✅Textbooks in areas of study, such as English, social studies, science, or mathematics. (ch 13) narrative style - Correct Answers ✅✅story-like presentation. (ch 13) readability - Correct Answers ✅✅an objective measure of the difficulty of written material. (ch 13) semantic maps - Correct Answers ✅✅graphic representations of relationships among words and phrases in written materials. (ch 7) phoneme - Correct Answers ✅✅the smallest unit of sound in a language. (ch 1)
grapheme - Correct Answers ✅✅a written symbol that represents a phoneme. (ch 1) cognitive development - Correct Answers ✅✅the development of the ability to think and reason. (ch 4) guided reading - Correct Answers ✅✅instructional model of delivery that provides structure and purpose for reading. (ch 4) frustration level - Correct Answers ✅✅reading with below 90% word accuracy. figurative language - Correct Answers ✅✅nonliteral language. (ch. 7) word sorts - Correct Answers ✅✅categorization activities that involve classifying words into categories. (ch 7) environmental print - Correct Answers ✅✅words that children frequently see in the world around them. (ch 4) direct instruction - Correct Answers ✅✅teacher control of the learning environment through structured lessons, goal setting, choice of activities, and feedback. (ch 4)
Steps during reading - Correct Answers ✅✅modeling, direct instruction and think-alouds; check for comprehension; integrate new/existing knowledge; make inferences; identify main idea Steps after reading - Correct Answers ✅✅summarize, identify main events, confirm predictions, retell, visual representations, journaling literal comprehension - Correct Answers ✅✅acquiring information that is directly stated in the text; details of who, what, etc.; sequence; cause/effect. higher-order comprehension - Correct Answers ✅✅based on interpretation and analysis (higher on Bloom's taxonomy); predictions; questioning; visualizing; inferences; making connections; interpreting anaphora; synthesizing; comparisons/mood/feelings. anticipation guides - Correct Answers ✅✅sets of declarative statements related to materials about to be read that are designed to stimulate thinking and discussion. (ch 8) Point of view - Correct Answers ✅✅view from which story is written. (ch 9)
The six traits of writing - Correct Answers ✅✅1) ideas 2) organization 3) voice 4) word choice 5) sentence fluency, conventions 6) presentation. phonemic blending - Correct Answers ✅✅the ability to combine a sequence of speech sounds (phonemes) together to form a word. phonogram - Correct Answers ✅✅a common spelling pattern used to spell the rime of a group (or "family") of single-syllable words. The role of phonological awareness and phonemic awareness in reading development - Correct Answers ✅✅
