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Unit 11
Jǐ suǒ bú yù, wù shī yú rén. Self what not want, not bestow to others. [Zìjǐ de jǐ; suǒyǐ de suǒ, but here, meaning ‘that which’; bú yù = bú yào; wù = bié; shīyú = gěi; rén = biérén.] Do not to others what you wouldn’t want done to yourself. Confucius’ version of the golden rule. [Classical Chinese] Contents 11.1 Constructions with yī ‘one’ 11.2 Places to see in Beijing (dialogue) 11.3 Requests 11.4 A Geography Lesson (narrative) 11.5 Following a recipe 11.6 Xuéxí Hànzì (narrative) 11.7 Australia (dialogue) 11.8 To Yangzhou by way of Zhenjiang (narrative) 11.9 Confrontation, 1 (dialogue) 11.10 Rhymes and rhythms
11.1 Constructions with yī ‘one’
11.1.1 Yī + VERB In addition to combining with a measure word to form a quantifying phrase (yí gè, yì tiáo), yī can also be found directly before a verb, in conjunction with the adverb jiù in the ensuing clause. In such cases, the meaning is ‘as soon as’, or ‘whenever. You can easily make up a sequence along the following lines to illustrate this usage:
Lăoshī yí jìn jiàoshì, xuésheng jiu zhànqĭlai; xuésheng yí zhànqĭlai, jiu gēn lăoshī shuō: ‘Lăoshī hăo’; xuésheng yì shuōwán, lăoshī jiu qǐng tāmen zuòxia; tāmen yí zuòxia, lăoshī jiu kāishĭ diǎnmíng; lăoshī yì diǎnwán míng, jiu kāishĭ shàngkè.
Notes jiàoshì N ‘classroom’; jiao as a noun has falling tone; cf jiàoshòu ‘professor’ and jiàoxué ‘education’, but jiāoshū ‘teach’. kāishĭ V ‘begin; start to’, with kāihuì de kāi. diǎnmíng VO ‘call roll (check-names)’; cf. diǎncài ‘order food’. Diǎn’s core meaning of ‘dot; point; bit’ can be extended to the notion of ‘a checkmark’ or ‘designation’, hence ‘select; choose; pick out’.
11.1.2 Yī + NOUN Yī also combines directly with certain nouns to mean ‘all of ’; the phrase is typically supported by dōu ‘all’:
Wǒ yì shǒu dōu shi shuǐ. My hands are covered in water. Wǒ yì shēn dōu shi hàn. I’m covered in sweat. Yí dì dōu shi fàn! There’s rice all over the floor. Xiǎoxīn, yí dì dōu shi shuǐ. Watch it, the floor’s covered in water. Zhēn kĕpà! Tā yì liăn dōu It was terrible; her face was covered in blood; shi xiĕ; hòulái cái zhīdao turned out she just had a nose-bleed – as we found yuánlái jiùshi liú bíxiě. out later.
11.2 Places to see in Beijing
Professor Kǒng from Běi Dà is visiting Máo Dàwéi’s family in Bōshìdùn. Professor Kǒng is about the same age as his father, so Máo addresses him as shūshu ‘uncle’.
Máo Kǒng shūshu, nǐ shi Běijīng Uncle Kong, you’re from Beijing, lái de. Néng bu néng gàosu can you tell me what sort of interesting wǒ Běijīng yǒu xiē shénme places there are in Beijing? hǎowánr de dìfang?
Kǒng Hǎowánr a, ai, hǎowánr de Interesting places, huh; wow, there are dìfang hěn duō ya: chéng lǐ lots of interesting places: in town yǒu Gùgōng – jiùshi yǐqián de there’s the Palace Museum – the former Zǐjìnchéng. Yě yǒu Tiān’ānmén Forbidden City. And there’s the Square Guǎngchǎng, Tiāntán, Běihǎi. of Heavenly Peace, the Temple of Hěn duō ya! Heaven, North Lake. Lots!
Máo Wǒ tīngshuō Běihǎi tèbié měi. I’ve heard that Beihai is especially attractive.
Kǒng Shì a, nà shi yīnwèi Běihǎi Yes, that’s because in Beihai Park, Gōngyuánr yǒu Báitǎ. there’s the White Pagoda.
Máo Wèishénme yǒu Báitǎ What’s so attractive about the White jiù měi ne? Pagoda?
Kǒng Báitǎ hěn piàoliang, yǒu The White Pagoda is very attractive; [it]’s Zàngzú de fēnggé. Fēngjǐng Tibetan style. The scenery is also very yě hěn měi: zài xiǎoshān shàng, beautiful: [it]’s on a small hill, with a lake qiánbiānr yǒu hú, liǎngbiānr dōu in front, and trees all around. shi shù.
get to Mì Yún. From Mì Yún, took a minibus to Sīmǎtái. Arrived at the parking lot below the Wall at 3:00. As soon as we arrived, we climbed up to the wall. The lower parts were covered with tourists; but the higher parts were almost empty. Took about 2 hours to go all the way [yìzhí dào] to the highest point and back. Going back, we got caught in traffic jams [sàichē], so we didn’t get back till almost 10 pm. By that time, the only place that was open was the Dūnhuáng [The Den] in Cháoyáng District [qū] – so we had a meal there.
11.3 Requests
Recognizing that requests for assistance are impositions on another person’s time, speakers can couch their requests in the form of a question that at least gives the potential benefactor a choice; or they can begin the request with a covering phrase like máfan nǐ ‘may I bother you’ or tuō nǐ yí jiàn shì ‘mind if I ask a favor (entrust you one M thing)’ – the latter more common when the request involves an item of business rather than just passing help.
Because someone – oneself or others – stands to gain from a request, they may also be associated with preverbal, or ‘coverb’ phrases, such as the following:
bāng wŏ help me [to] gĕi nǐ for your benefit tì wŏ in my place wèi tāmen for their sake
Exercise 2 You can try combining the above pre-verbal (or ‘coverb’) phrases with the following actions to form requests – there may be more than one option. (Qǐng can convey a sufficient tone of politeness.)
- mǎi yì zhāng fēijīpiào buy a plane ticket
- bǎ biǎo tiánhǎo fill out the form
- dǎ ~ jiào yí ge dí order a taxi
- bǎ bāoguǒ dǎkāi open the parcels
- mǎi yí ge xiāngzi buy a trunk
- zuò wǎnfàn make dinner
- zhǎo ge jìniànpǐn find a souvenir
- zhǎo 314 hào de fángjiān find room #
- shàngwǎng to get online
- bǎ píngzi dǎkāi open a bottle
- jiē diànhuà answer the phone
- yòng Hànzì xiě míngzi write the name in characters
- bǎ huāpíng fàng gāo yìdiǎnr put the vase higher up
- jiéyān give up smoking (‘prohibit-cigarets’)
- tiāo yí gè. pick one
Note: The CV wèi (as in wèishénme, to be constrasted with wéi ‘be; make’, written with the same character) seems particularly common in titles of songs and stories
Wǒ wèi nǐ zhùfú. I wish you happiness. (‘I for you wish-luck’) [song] Wèi nǐ zhōngqíng. Walk the line. (‘for you be-deeply-in-love’) [film] Wèi nǐ kū. [I] cry for you. Wèi nǐ zuòzhèng. [I] vouch for you. (‘for you give-evidence’) Wèi nǐ chī kuáng. Go nuts for you. (‘for you eat-crazy’) [novel]
11.3.1 Mild requests Requests can be couched in a way that suggests they require very little of others. One way to do this is with verb reduplication (or V + yíxià ‘V a time; a while’):
Jiè yíxià nĭ de zìdiăn, hăo bu hăo? May [I] borrow your dictionary for a bit? Qǐng nĭ gĕi wŏmen jièshao yíxià Would you mind saying something about MIT de qíngkuàng, hăo bu hăo? the situation at MIT by way of introduction? Nǐ néng bu néng gěi wǒ shuōshuo Could you tell me a little about how English Yīngguó dàxué shi zěnme universities are organized? biānzhì de? Néng bù néng gĕi wŏmen jiěshì Would you mind explaining to us how the yíxià ‘sì’ hé ‘miào’ nèi liăng ge two words, sì (‘temple’) and miào (‘shrine’) cí zĕnme bù yíyàng? differ?
Notes a) Contrast V jièshao ‘introduce’ and V jiěshì ‘explicate; explain’. b) Qíngkuàng and qíngxíng are near synonyms. c) biānzhì V, literally ‘weave together’, but also ‘work out; organize’. As the previous examples show, the question form gives the appearance of choice on the part of the donor and, provided that only minor assistance is required, offers a conventional way of pre-empting any possible offence. Tag questions may serve the same purpose:
Qǐng bǎ làjiàng náguòlai, hăo ma? Please bring the chillie paste, okay? Qǐng bǎ cù dìguòlai, hăo bu hăo. Please pass the vinegar, okay?
Notes a) dì ‘pass; forward; transmit’; dìguòlai is generally used for passing something at the table, rather than going elsewhere to get it (náguòlai). Recall other verbs in the ‘carrying’ domain: ná ‘carry in the hands’; dài ‘bring someone; carry something light’; káng ‘carry something heavy; lug’; tái ‘carry by lifting, as a table or trunk’, tí ‘carry in the hand, with arms down, as a briefcase’.
Qǐng shuō xiǎoshēng yìdiănr, Would you mind speaking more softly? hăo ma? Wŏ méi fǎ kànshū a. I can’t concentrate.
Notes a) jǐ ‘be crowded; pressed’ b) shuō shǎoshēng yìdiǎnr ‘speak more softly’; shuō dàshēng yìdiǎnr ‘speak louder’ c) méi fǎ = méiyou fǎzi ‘no way’ People cutting in line can be a problem at ticket booths. Here are some progressively more abrupt complaints couched in the form of requests; foreigners probably shouldn’t venture past the first.
Qǐng nĭ pái yíxià duì. Please line up. Bú yào chàduì! Don’t cut in line! Páiduì qù, nĭ máng shénme? Go line up – what’s your hurry!
Notes páiduì VO ‘line up (arrange-line); chàduì. ‘cut in line (insert-line)’
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1. Zhōngguó dì dà wù bó Wǒ jīntiān yào gēn nǐmen shuō yìdiǎnr Zhōngguó dìlǐ. Nǐmen dōu zhīdào, Zhōngguó shi yí ge hěn dà de guójiā, rénkǒu yě hěn duō. Zhōngguó rén de shuōfǎ shi: ‘Zhōngguó dì dà wù bó, lìshǐ yōujiǔ.’ ‘Wù bó’ de yìsi shi zīyuán hěn duō, hěn fēngfu’; ‘yōujiǔ’ de yìsi shi ‘hěn cháng shíjiān’. Kànkan dìtú jiù zhīdao Zhōngguó duō dà le. Cháoxiǎn, Éluósī, Měnggǔ, Āfùhàn, Bājīsītǎn, Níbó’ěr, Yìndù, Miǎndiàn, Lǎowō, hái yǒu Yuènán dōu shi Zhōngguó de línguó. 2. Huáng Hé gēn Cháng Jiāng Zhōngguó yǒu liǎng tiáo dà hé, Huáng Hé gēn Cháng Jiāng. Huáng Hé zài běibiānr, Cháng Jiāng zài nánbiānr. Shànghǎi zài Cháng Jiāng biānr shang, Nánjīng, Wǔhàn, Chóngqìng yě zài Cháng Jiāng biānr shang. Huáng Hé gēn Cháng Jiāng de shuǐ dōu shi cóng Qīng-Zàng Gāoyuán liúxiàlai de. Huáng Hé liúguò Gānsù, Nèiměnggǔ, Shǎnxī hé Shānxī de shíhou, shuǐ biàn+de yuèlái-yuèhuáng, yīnwèi zhèi xiē dìfang de tǔ shi
huángsè de, jiào huángtǔ, suǒyǐ Zhōngguó rén jiào zhèi tiáo hé Huáng Hé. Huáng Hé shi huáng de, běifāng nóngcūn de tiān, dì, hé fángzi yě dōu shi huáng de.
Měinián xiàtiān, běifāng xiàyǔ de shíhou, Huáng Hé de shuǐ bǐjiào duō. Kěshi bú xiàyǔ de shíhou, Huáng Hé de shuǐ jiu hěn shǎo, yǒushíhou chàbuduō méiyou shuǐ. Wǒ tīngshuō chàbuduō èrshí nián yǐqián, zài Shāndōng de Jǐ’nán, kěyǐ qí zìxíngchē guò Huáng Hé. Yīnwèi shuǐ yǒushíhou bù duō, suǒyǐ zài Huáng Hé shang kànbudào shénme dà chuán, zhǐ kàndedào hěn duō xiǎo de dùchuán. Xiàyǔ xià+de duō de shíhou, Huáng Hé yǒu hóngshuǐ de wèntí. Zài 1855 nián, Huáng Hé xiàyóu yǒu hěn dà de shuǐzāi. Jiéguǒ ne, běnlái Huáng Hé cóng Shāndōng nánbù liúdào hǎi lǐ, xiànzài, Huáng Hé cóng Shāndōng běibù liúdào hǎi lǐ. Hěn duō rén zài 1855 nián nèi cì dàshuǐ zhōng sǐ le.
Cháng Jiāng shi Zhōngguó de lìngwài yì tiáo dà hé. Cháng Jiāng yě jiào ‘Yángzǐ Jiāng’. Qíshí, Cháng Jiāng zài bù tóng de dìfang yǒu bù tóng de míngzi. Bǐrú shuō, zài Shànghǎi, Nánjīng nèi xiē dìfang dàjiā jiào Cháng Jiāng Yángzǐ Jiāng. Zài Sìchuān, Yúnnán nèi xiē dìfang dàjiā jiào Cháng Jiāng Jīnshā Jiāng. Yěxǔ yīnwèi yǐqián dào Zhōngguó de wàiguó rén dàduōshù dōu dāi zài Shànghǎi dào Nánjīng nèi yí duàn, suǒyǐ tāmen dōu yòng Yángzǐ zhèi ge míngzi.
3. Hé gēn jiāng Nǐmen yěxǔ juéde hěn qíguài, wèishénme Zhōngwén yǒu ‘hé’, yě yǒu ‘jiāng’, zhèi liǎng ge cí? Wǒmen shuō Cháng Jiāng, Zhū Jiāng (jīngguò Guǎngzhōu de nèi tiáo dà hé), hái yǒu Hàn Jiāng (zài Guǎngdōng), Mǐn Jiāng (zài Fújiàn), hé Lí Jiāng (zài Guǎngxī). Dōu zài nánbiānr. (Cháng Jiāng yǐnán de dìfang yě kěyǐ jiào Jiāngnán – xiàng Chángshā, Wǔhàn, Nánchāng, Nánjīng nèi xiē chéngshì.) Hé ne, xiàng Huáng Hé, Huái Hé (zài Jiāngsū, Ānhuī, Húběi) dàduōshù dōu zài běibù. ‘Jiāng’ zhèi ge cí bǐjiào lǎo, chúle hé de míngzi yǐwài, dàjiā píngcháng bú tài yòng le. Píngcháng shuōhuà de shíhou, wǒmen yòng ‘hé’, bǐfāng shuō: ‘Zhōngguó yǒu liǎng tiáo dà hé’; ‘Měiguó zuì cháng de hé shì Mìxīxībĭ hé.’
dìfang dōu zài dōngbù. Dōngbù bĭjiào píng, tǔdì bĭjiào féiwò, kĕyĭ zhòng màizi gēn dàozi. Tèbié shi Cháng Jiāng bĕibiānr de Huáběi Píngyuán hé Cháng Jiāng zhōngyóu xiàyóu de píngyuán. Zhōngguó dōngnán rénkŏu yĕ bĭjiào duō. Xīnán bù píng, shān hĕn duō, kĕshì féiwò de tǔdì yĕ hĕn duō, kĕyĭ zhǎng dàozi, nóngmín kĕyĭ chī mĭfàn.
7. Sìchuān Péndì Sìchuān yě shi rénkǒu bǐjiào duō de shěng. Sìchuān shi ge péndì, sìbiānr dōu shi shān, zhōngjiān hĕn dà de dìfang dōu bĭjiào dī. Yīnwèi Sìchuān hái bĭjiào qióng, suŏyĭ Sìchuān hĕn duō rén qù biéde dìfang dǎgōng. Sìchuānhuà yĕ suàn shi bĕifāng fāngyán, kĕshì Sìchuān rén shuō Pŭtōnghuà dài hĕn zhòng de kǒuyīn, wàiguó lái de xuésheng yĕxŭ zài nàr zhù yí duàn shíjiān yǐhòu cái néng tīngdeguàn. 8. Wŭ Yuè Zhōngguó rén juéde shān suīrán hĕn měi hĕn zhuàngguān, kĕshi yĕ hĕn kěpà. Chuántǒng de Zhōngguó rén rènwéi shān shi shén, xiān, móguǐ zhù de dìfang, hĕn wēixiăn. Búguò yŏude shān Zhōngguó rén hĕn xĭhuan qù. Wŭ Yuè shi wŭ zuò yŏumíng de shān. (Yuè jiùshi gāodà de shān de yìsi.) Dōngyuè shi Tàishān (zài Shāndōng), Běiyuè shi Héngshān (zài Shānxī), Xīyuè shi Huáshān (zài Shǎnxī), Nányuè shi Héngshān (zài Húnán), Zhōngyuè shi Sōngshān (zài Hénán). Yǒu liăng zuò jiào Héngshān, duì ma? Liăng zuò Héngshān dúyīn shi yíyàng, kĕshì Hànzì bù yíyàng. Shānxī de Héngshān shi ‘shùxīnpáng’ de ‘héng’ zì (恆), Húnán de shi ‘shuānglìrén’ de ‘héng’ zì (衡). Nèi wŭ zuò
shān shi Dàojiào de míngshān; lìngwài Zhōngguó yĕ yǒu sì ge Fójiào de míngshān. Sìchuān de Éméi shān jiùshi qízhōng de yí ge. Zhōngguó rén xĭhuan pá zhèi xiē míngshān, yĕ chángcháng zài shāndǐng zhù yí ge wănshàng kàn fēngjĭng. Yīnwèi zuìjìn jiàn-le hěn duō lǎnchē, kěyǐ cóng shān xià zuò chē dào shānyāo huò shāndǐng, suǒyǐ xiànzài jiùshi niánjì dà yìdiǎnr de yóukè yě kěyǐ pá míngshān. Kěshi wǒ zìjǐ juéde páshān yīnggāi shi fèixīn de huódòng, bù yīnggāi tài qīngsōng, háishi zǒushàngqu, páshàngqu hǎo, shíjiān cháng yìdiǎnr, nà wúsuǒwèi, zhèi yàng cái kěyǐ shuō shi hǎohàn! With Chén Tōng.
Sunset over Yùlóng Xuěshān, near Lìjiāng.
Shēngcí
dìlǐ cf dìlǐxué zīyuán ‘natural resources’ fēngfù SV ‘plentiful; rich’ línguó ie lín-guó; guójiā pángbiānr de guójiā: Jiānádà shi Měiguó línguó zhīyī. Qīng-Zàng Qīnghǎi-Xīzàng; kàn dìtú. gāoyuán hǎibá bǐjiào gāo de dà piàn píngdì. liú; liúguo V ‘flow; flow through’ dùchuán guò hé guò hú de chuán. hóngshuǐ ‘flooding’ xiàyóu / zhōngyóu / shàngyóu ‘the lower reaches /middle reaches / upper reaches [river]’ -zāi ‘disaster’; eg shuǐzāi ‘floods’; chóngzāi ‘plague of insects’; tiānzāi ‘natural disaster’; huǒzāi ‘fire [as disaster]’; hànzāi ‘drought’. Jīnshājiāng ‘gold-sands-river’ [the Yangtze along the Sichuan-Yunnan border] dāi = tíngliú ‘stop and stay’ yí duàn ‘a section of’ shānqū shān duō de dìqū. mĭ ‘meter = measure of length’ dǒu SV ‘steep’ zhuàngguān SV ‘magnificent’ fāzhǎn V ‘build; develop’ diànlì ‘electrical power’ shuǐbà ‘dam’ yānmò V ‘inundate; flood’ tànsuǒ V ‘explore’ dàzìrán ‘nature; Nature’ shāmò ‘deserts’ ér Conj. ‘and; but’; érqiě de ér. biānjìe ‘borders’
b) Explain or identify the following:
- Liúguò, without a hyphen, tīngshuō-guo, with a hyphen.
- The + in ‘Xiàyǔ xià+de duō de shíhou’.
- Distinguish the following by citing compounds or phrases: eg suàn/suān; dǎsuàn de suàn; suānlàtāng de suān. Some are homonyms. Cí/cì; hé/hé; zhòng/zhòng and zhōng/zhōng/zhǒng; zhāng/zhǎng.
c) Answer the questions:
- Línguó shi shénme yìsi? Bǎ Měiguó de línguó lièxiàlai. Fǎguó de ne?
- Huáng Hé cóng nǎlǐ liúdào nǎlǐ?
- Wèishénme yǒu rén shuō Huáng Hé bǐ Cháng Jiāng wēixiǎn?
- Wèishénme xiàmiàn de Zhōngguó dìtú yǒu yí ge Shanxi , yě yǒu yí ge Shaanxi?
- Zhōngwén zěnme yǒu ‘hé’, yě yǒu ‘jiāng’ nèi liǎng ge cí?
- Zhūmùlángmǎfēng zài nǎr? Yīngwén de míngzi shi shénme?
- Luòtuo Yīngwén zěnme shuō? Nǎlǐ luòtuo zuì chángjiàn?
d) Essay: Describe the Mississippi to friends in China: longest; flows from…to…; upper/middle/lower reaches; boats; floods….
Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division
11.5 Following a recipe
Menus are another prototypical context for the use of bǎ (or its synonym, jiāng). Here are oral instructions from our own dà shīfu ‘master chef’, Chén Tōng lǎoshī, for making jiācháng dòufu. He has already laid the various ingredients out on the kitchen table:
zhǔliào (‘basic ingredients’): dòufu yíkuài fùliào (‘secondary ingredients’): qīngjiāo xiānggū mù’ěr peppers mushrooms wood-ears tiáoliào (‘seasonings’) jiàng ‘sauce’ dòubànjiàng ‘thick spicy broad bean sauce (bean-segment-sauce)’ yóu ‘oil’ jiàng ‘sauce’ jiàngyóu, ‘soy sauce’ xiāngyóu ‘sesame oil (fragrant-oil)’ táng ‘sugar’ jiǔ ‘wine; liquor’ liàojiǔ, ‘cooking wine’ diànfěn ‘starch’ jiāng ‘ginger’ jiāngmò, ‘chopped ginger’ mò ‘tips; fine slices’ cōng ‘onions’ qīngcōng, ‘onions (green-onions)’ tāng ‘soup’ gāotāng. ‘soup-stock (high-soup)’
You gather round and he gives instructions (zuòfǎ), in steps (bù), as follows:
Dì-yī bù: Xiān bǎ dòufu qiē chéng chángfāng kuài. Bǎ qīngjiāo qiē chéng piànr. Bǎ qīngcōng qiē chéng mò. [bǎ….qiē chéng kuài/piànr/mò] Dì-èr bù: Bǎ guō fàng zài lúzi shàng shāorè. Dì-sān bù: Bǎ yóu fàngjìn guō li, shāodào jiǔ-chéng rè. Bǎ jiāngmò fàngdào guō li chǎo yíxià. Ránhòu zài bǎ dòubànjiàng fàngjìnqu chǎo yíxià. Dì-sì bù: Xiànzài bǎ gāotāng, xiānggū, mù’ěr hé dòufu fàngjìn guō li, ránhòu zài bǎ yìdiǎnr jiàngyóu hé táng fàngjìnqu. Bǎ zhèi xiē dōngxi shāokāi yǐhòu, bǎ huǒ tiáoxiǎo. Dì-wǔ bù: Xiǎohuǒ shāo yì fēn zhōng, bǎ shuǐ diànfěn fàngjìnqu, zài bǎ qīngjiāopiànr hé jiāngmò fàngjìnqù. Zuìhòu zài cài shàng fàng yìdiǎnr xiāngyóu hé cōngmò. Jiācháng dòufu jiu zuòhǎo le. After Chen Tong, 10/26/
kànbào, bù néng chàng kǎlāOK, yě kànbudǒng biāoyǔ, kànbudǒng duìlián, chūnlián shénme de.
Yěxǔ nǐmen chàbuduō dōu zài xué Hànzì, néng rènshi liǎng sān bǎi ge zì le. Kěshì Hànzì yǒu liǎng zhǒng, duì ma, yǒu fántǐzì, yě yǒu jiǎntǐzì. Nǐmen xué de shi něi zhǒng? Zhōngguó Dàlù gēn Xīnjiāpō dōu yòng jiǎntǐzì; Táiwān hé yì xiē hǎiwài Huárén dōu yòng fántǐzì. Táiwān rén yǒude bù xǐhuan yòng jiǎntǐzì, shuō chuántǒng de zì cái shi guīfàn de; Dàlù de dàoshi bù zěnme yángé, suīrán dàduōshù de shíhou yòng de shi jiǎntǐzì, kěshi yǒude shíhou yě yòng fántǐzì. Bǐfāng shuō, shāngdiàn de zhāopái, míngpiàn yǒushíhou yě yòng fántǐzì. Qián jǐ nián Zhōngguó zhèngfǔ dàoshi hǎoxiàng yào guīfàn yòng zì, shuō bù néng suíbiàn yòng fántǐzì le, yídìng děi yòng jiǎntǐzì. Zhèi yàng dàjiā xiě de zì jiu yíyàng le.
Xué Hànzì hěn yǒu yìsi, duì ma; kěshì yǒude shíhou Hànzì bù róngyì jìzhù! Zěnme bàn? Lǎoshī cháng shuō xué yí ge zì yīnggāi kàn nèi ge zì de piānpáng. Hěn duō Hànzì yǒu liǎng ge piānpáng: yí ge shi xíngpáng, yíge shi shēngpáng. Xíngpáng yě kěyǐ jiào bùshǒu. Bùshǒu chángcháng yǒu zìjǐ de míngzi: rénzìpáng; kǒuzìpáng; yánzìpáng; jīnzìpáng; sāndiǎnshǔi; cǎozìtóu; zhúzìtóu, děngděng. Nàme, lǎoshī kěyǐ wèn nǐmen: chī (吃 ) nèi ge zì de bùshǒu shi shénme? Nà, nǐ kěyǐ shuō chī de bùshǒu shi kǒuzìpáng (口).
Huòzhě, lǎoshī wèn nǐmen shuōhuà de huà nèi gē zì (話/话) de bùshǒu shi shénme, nǐ jiu
kěyǐ shuō, huà de bùshǒu shì yánzìpáng (言/讠). Huòzhě, lǎoshī kěyǐ wèn nǐmen, něi xiē
zì yǒu qǐngkè de qǐng (請/请) de shēngpáng (青)? Nǐ jiù kěyǐ shuō qíngtiān de qíng (晴),
huòzhě qíngxíng de qíng (情).
Yěxǔ nǐmen yě xiǎng zhīdào Zhōngguó de xiǎo háizi zěnme xuéxí Hànzì. Wŏ bù zhīdao tāmen xiànzài yòng shénme fāngfǎ, keshi yǐqián, tāmen yòng yìxiē shū, xiàng Sān Zì Jīng, Qiān Zì Wén. Zhèi xiē shū shi tèbié wèile gěi xiǎoháir jièshao zuì jīchǔ de Hànzì xiě de. Sān Zì Jīng, měi jù yǒu sān ge zì, Qiān Zì Wén, měi jù yǒu sì ge zì. Qíshí, nèi liǎng běn shū búdàn yǒu shēngzì, érqiě yǒu Zhōngguó lìshǐ, zhèxué, wénhuà de nèiróng. Gěi nǐmen shuō jǐ ge lìzi. Zhè shi Sān Zì Jīng de jǐ jù; shi yòng wényánwén xiě de, kěshi nǐmen kànkan Yīngwén de fānyì jiu dǒng le.
養不教， Yǎng bú jiào, Raise [a child] not instruct, 父之過； fù zhī guò; father’s error; 教不嚴， jiào bù yán, teach not rigorous, 師之惰. shī zhī duò. teacher’s laziness.
Hái yǒu:
玉不琢， Yù bù zhuó, Jade not polished, 不成器； bù chéng qì; not become ‘an implement’ (ie useful) 人不學， rén bù xué, person not study, 不知義。 bù zhī yì. not know righteousness.
Shuō de hěn yǒu dàolǐ, duì. ma?
Bú rènshi zì nǐ jiùshi ge wénmáng! [JKW 1997]
Shēngcí biǎo gāng ADV ‘just; only; a short while ago’ guāng ADV zhǐyǒu; guāng’s core meaning is ‘brightness’. huìhuà ‘conversation (capable-words)’ zhùyì V ‘pay attention’ fāyīn ‘pronunciation (issue-sounds)’ yǔfǎ ‘grammar’ tígāo ‘raise; enhance; improve (raise-high)’
búdàn…érqiě Búdàn jiǎndān érqiě miǎnfèi! (miǎnfèi ‘avoid-fee’) It’s not only simple, it’s free! Búdàn jīqì féicháng bù hǎo, érqiě shòuhòu-fúwù yě fēicháng bù hǎo. (‘sell-after service’) Not only is the machine no good, but the aftersale’s service isn’t any good either.
Exercise 5 a) Translate these excerpts:
- Yìsi yěxǔ shi gāng kāishǐ xuéxí Hànyǔ, guāng xué huìhuà bù xué Hànzì shi yǒu dàolǐ de.
- Qián jǐ nián Zhōngguó zhèngfǔ dàoshi hǎoxiàng yào guīfàn yòng zì, shuō bù néng suíbiàn yòng fántǐzì le, yídìng děi yòng jiǎntǐzì.
b) Define in Chinese; some definitions cite synonyms or opposites; others are descriptive, often beginning with a modifying phrase+de.
- wénmáng 2. duīliǎn
- fāyīn 4. shuǐbà
- shāndǐng 6. qīngsōng
c) Distinguish the following by producing typical phrases for each:
- duìlián / diūliǎn 2. biāoyǔ / biāozhǔn
- fāyīn / fāngyán 4. zhùyì / jìzhù
d) Answer the questions:
- Táiwān rén duì jiǎntǐzì yǒu shénme kànfǎ? Nǐ ne?
- Sān Zì Jīng shi shénme yàng de shū?
- Xué Hànzì shénme fāngfǎ zuì hǎo?
11.7 Australia
Jiǎ is a foreign student attending Nanjing University; Yǐ is a Chinese student at Nán Dà.
Jiǎ Nǐ yǒu xiōngdì jiěmèi ma? Do you have any siblings?
Yǐ Yǒu ge jiějie, yǒu ge mèimei! I have older and younger sisters.
Jiǎ. Tāmen yě zhù zai Nánjīng ma? Do they also live in Nanjing?
Yǐ. Jiějie zhù zhèr, wǒ mèi jià-le ge My older sister lives here; my Àozhōurén. Tāmen xiān zài younger married an Australian. Nánjīng zhù le liǎng nián, ránhòu They first lived in Nanjing bāndào Àozhōu qù le. for a couple of years, then moved to Australia.
Jiǎ O, tāmen zhù zai Àozhōu! Oh, they live in Australia!
Yǐ Shì a, zài Xīní, yǐjing zài nàr Yes, in Sydney, they’ve already sān nián le. Kāi-le yì jiā lǚxíngshè, been there 3 years. They opened shēngyì bú cuò. a travel agency, business isn’t bad.
Jiǎ Fāngbiàn; hǎo mǎi fēijīpiào ya! Convenient; good for buying airtickets!
Yǐ Shì a; tamen jīngcháng lái kàn For sure; they regularly come to see us, wǒmen, qímǎ, yì nián yí cì! at least once a year.
Jiǎ. Wǒ yě zài Àozhōu zhù-guo, zài I also used to live in Australia; I went to nàr shàng-guo liǎng nián xué! school there for a couple of years.
Yǐ Nǐ méi shénme Àozhōu kǒuyīn ya! You don’t have much of an Australian accent!
Jiǎ. Yǐqián yǒu, xiànzài méi le. I used to, but I don’t anymore.
Yǐ Àozhōu hěn tèbié, duì ma? Australia’s very special, isn’t it?
Jiǎ Shì a. Bǎi fēn zhī bāshí dōu shi Yes, it’s about 80% desert. Most of the shāmò. Dàduōshù de rén zhù zài people live in the large cities on the coasts yì xiē hǎibiānr de dà chéngshì, – Sydney, Perth, Brisbane, Darwin. But xiàng Xīní, Bósī, Bùlǐsīběn, Dá’ěrwén. the capital’s inland. Shǒudū dàoshi zài nèidì de.
Yǐ Ng, Kānpéilā ba. Hái yǒu tǐng duō Uh huh, Canberra, right? And there are qítè de zhíwù hé dòngwù. lots of strange plants and animals [there].
Jiǎ. Shì a: xiàng dàishǔ, èyú, kǎolā Yes, like roos, crocs, koalas, platypusses xióng, yāzuǐshòu, xiàoniǎo ‘laughing birds’ and so on. shénme de.
Yǐ Nǐ shuō de nèi ge xiàoniǎo shi What sort of a bird is the ‘laughing bird’ shénme niǎo? you mentioned?
Jiǎ. Shì Àozhōu de yì zhǒng dà cuìniǎo. It’s a kind of large Australian kingfisher. Jiào de shēngyīn yǒu diǎnr xiàng Its call is a little like the sound of human rén xiào de shēngyīn. laughter.
