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Complete Solutions.
Geography 2050 Exam 3 Trepanier 113
Complete Solutions.
Air mass - ANSWER large region of air with same temperature and humidity (5 types)
cA - ANSWER continental arctic; polar high/cold and dry
cP - ANSWER continental polar; polar high/cold and dry (in winter)
mP - ANSWER maritime polar; polar high and sub polar low/cold and humid
cT - ANSWER continental tropic; subtropical high/hot and dry (in summer)
mT - ANSWER maritime tropic; ICTZ and subtropical high/warm and humid
thunderstorm - ANSWER cumulonimbus cloud with lightning and thunder (3 types)
single-cell thunderstorm - ANSWER forms in maritime tropical air mass/most frequent in late afternoon when unstable air parcels exist/mild short storm with weak wind shear
multicell thunderstorm - ANSWER forms on fronts (between air masses)/severe weather, squall lines, moderate wind shear/system lasts hours
supercell thunderstorm - ANSWER forms in humid air and strong wind shear (Great Plains)/most powerful and makes tornadoes/least common
single cell life cycle - ANSWER cumulus, mature, dissipating
Complete Solutions.
cumulus stage - ANSWER 1st stage of single cell cycle--cumulonimbus forms in updraft (warm, upward air), reaches dew point and latent heat releasing into cloud, warming and rising
mature stage - ANSWER 2nd stage of single cell--strong updrafts and rain makes downdrafts, upper regions become glaciated which leads to lightning, thunder, rain, hail
dissipating stage - ANSWER final stage of single cell--downdrafts and net evaporation cause weakening; downdrafts block updrafts and evaporation
hurricane stages - ANSWER tropical disturbance, tropical depression, tropical storm, hurricane
tropical disturbance - ANSWER 1st stage of hurricane--mass of thunderstorms on tropical wave
tropical depression - ANSWER 2nd stage of hurricane--wind increase and closed rotation because of Coriolis force
tropical storm - ANSWER 3rd stage of hurricane--winds increase 39+ mph and storm is more organized
hurricane stage - ANSWER final stage--storm organized with well defined rain bands and winds 119+ mph
positive feedback - ANSWER feedback of storm in which more moisture leads to latent heat being released and storm gets stronger with high wind speeds as a result
sea spray - ANSWER frothy ocean waves that evaporate and increase air moisture, from positive feedback
indian ocean - ANSWER most dangerous area for hurricanes due to large populations at sea level near coasts
Complete Solutions.
wind shear - ANSWER change in wind speed and direction with altitude
lightning - ANSWER electrical discharge all storms create by cumulonimbus clouds and friction between particles
lightning safety - ANSWER higher objects are most dangerous, safest in car/under shelter, avoid electricity and running water indoors
tornado - ANSWER rotating column of air from cumulonimbus cloud and touches ground (funnel cloud does not touch), forms in super cell/hurricanes/cold front, comes from wall cloud
wall cloud - ANSWER cylindrical cloud from mesocyclone base
EF scale - ANSWER measurement scale for tornadoes
where are tornadoes most frequent? - ANSWER florida, and most powerful in great plains
hurricane - ANSWER tropical cyclone in north america with winds of 119 km/hr or more. called typhoon in south asia. low barometric pressure/high winds/rainfall/moves counterclockwise
where do hurricanes form? - ANSWER in tropics and lose strength in cold/near equator/over land
where do hurricanes effect the most? - ANSWER west pacific, east pacific, west atlantic, and gulf
how are hurricanes measured? - ANSWER saffir-simpson scale
medieval warm period - ANSWER naturally warm period from 950 to 1250 CE
Complete Solutions.
little ice age - ANSWER natural cooling period from 1350-1850 CE (made travel by boat and trade difficult, too cold to grow food/raise livestock)
younger dryas climate - ANSWER cold period in north hemisphere between 12900-11600 years ago; ocean conveyor belt slowed/shut down due to Laurentide ice sheet
climate forcing factors - ANSWER forces that change climate and is unaffected by climate system (ex: solar forcing/volcanic forcing)
climate feedback - ANSWER enhances/diminishes climate change already set in motion (ex: ice-albedo feedback)
cryosphere - ANSWER frozen hydrosphere
destabilizes - ANSWER ice albedo positive feedback __________ climate system by enhancing warming trend
stabilizes - ANSWER ice albedo negative feedback _________ climate system by diminishing warming trend
cenozoic era - ANSWER cooling trend caused by building/uplift of tibetan plateau and himalayas (erosion)
milankovitch cycles - ANSWER changes in earth-sun orbital relations ----> changes in timing and distribution of solar heating across earth's surface
glacial period - ANSWER created by milankovitch cycles, interval of cold climate in Quaternary ice age; lasted 90,000 years
interglacial period - ANSWER created by milankovitch cycles, interval of warm climate between glacial periods; lasted 10,000 years
Complete Solutions.
spatial distribution of biomes - ANSWER kopek climate classification system categorizes climates based on temperature and precipitation characteristics of region
koppen climate zones - ANSWER tropical, dry, mild midlatitude, severe midlatitude, polar, highlands
tropical rainforest - ANSWER humid lowland tropics, highest primary productivity/biomass/biodiversity, 13% of land surface
tropical seasonal forest - ANSWER in warm lowland tropics, considered an ecotone (transition between 2 biomes)
liana - ANSWER woody climbing vine
epiphyte - ANSWER plant grows on other plant surface for light access
tropical savanna - ANSWER wet summer and dry winter, low biomass/biodiversity, fire/seasonally intense rainfall/grazing
temperate grassland - ANSWER between 30-60 degrees in continental interiors, moisture deficits, natural fires, grazing herbivores (called pampas, steppe, veldt, prairie)
mediterranean - ANSWER hot dry summers and winter rainfall, mostly southern europe and north africa
temperate deciduous forest - ANSWER mainly in north hemisphere because more land in the middle latitude, occurs where temperature range is large and winters are below 0)
why does it rain so much in colorado? - ANSWER orographic uplift
western pacific ocean - ANSWER which ocean has most hurricanes?
Complete Solutions.
gulf of mexico - ANSWER southeastern US rains more because of ______________
temperate rainforest - ANSWER geographically limited, occurs where annual precipitation is high and temperatures are mild (often on continents' west coast)
boreal forest - ANSWER cold coniferous in north america and eurasia, in continental interiors with low winter temperatures and short growing season, 1 of largest biomes
montane forest - ANSWER occurs where orographic lifting increases precipitation on windward sides of mountain ranges, 1 of most climatologically diverse biomes
tundra - ANSWER occurs at any latitude which is too cold for trees to grow
alpine tundra - ANSWER tundra at high elevations
northern tundra - ANSWER tundra at high latitudes at north hemisphere
tropical alpine scrubland - ANSWER found within the tropics, has little annual temperature variation, diurnal temperature swings
permafrost soils - ANSWER soil in tundra, frozen year round, as soils thaw they emit methane and carbon
desert - ANSWER biome with chronic moisture deficits, covers 30% of land surfaces, on every continent (3 types: hot, rain shadow, cold)
what happens when a lot of ice melts? - ANSWER sea level rises, positive feedback which exposes more dark surface and attracts more heat
Complete Solutions.
tropical seasonal forest (biome) - ANSWER low latitude biome
tropical savanna (biome) - ANSWER low latitude biome
temperate grassland (biome) - ANSWER mid and high latitude biome
mediterranean (biome) - ANSWER mid and high latitude biome
temperate deciduous forest (biome) - ANSWER mid and high latitude biome
temperate rainforest (biome) - ANSWER mid and high latitude biome
boreal forest (biome) - ANSWER mid and high latitude biome
montane forest (biome) - ANSWER found at all latitudes
tundra (biome) - ANSWER found at all latitudes
desert (biome) - ANSWER found at all latitudes
