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Geog Study Guide GEOG 2100- Economic Geography Fall 2024 Study Guide – Final Exam The final exam is scheduled on Monday, 12/9/2024 from 3:30pm to 5:30pm ET. The exam will cover the course text, lectures, discussions, and all assignments given from 11/5 to 12/3. The format of the exam will be about 48-49 multiple choices, 2-4 true/false and some bonus questions ( minutes). Urbanization trends in the world by income In the HICs urbanization is mostly complete or slowing down, the major cities are only growing due to migration. In MICs, urbanization is rapid with rural to urban migration happening quickly. Driven by industrialization LICs, urbanization occurs at a slower pace, but cities grow due to migration. Many still have rural population. 3 preconditions of early cities; what they are A reliable food surplus (agriculture), a strong social structure, and a strong centralized government. (ecology, technology, and social relations) 4 hearths of urban genesis; where they are; the sources of fresh water in each hearth Mesopotamia (Iraq), the Nile Valley (Egypt), Indus Valley (India and Pakistan), and the plains of the Huang He River. The Tigris River/Euphrates, the Nile River, the Indus River, and the Yellow/Yangtze River
4 factors associated with emergence of early cities Trade, defensive needs, agricultural surplus and religion. Entrepôt and hinterland; what they are; importance Entrepot is a port city located at a point of entry from the ocean to the interior, and Hinterland is the land behind the river. These are important because goods are moved from ships into inland transports, so the product is diffused so you need these places when trading. The Industrial Revolution: basic characteristics in the 18th and 19th centuries as cities formed, sources of energy, etc. The industrial revolution was a period where manufacturing boomed and prior to this time economies were agriculturally centered. Resulted in new technologies, factory centered production, and the emergence of industrial cities. Water and steam power emerges at energy sources. European vs. North American urban growth models (Old vs. New World); review basic ideas for each of the 4 stages. similarities and differences of these models to review A European (Old) urban growth model four stages. Stage 1: each town essentially had their own independent market. Stage 2: With the development of transportation technologies centers of interregional and international trade began to pop up. Stage 3: manufacturing based on local materials and energy sources began. Stage 4: Dominant centers of trade like cities began to emerge. Cities grew over a longer period. North American (New) urban growth model. Stage 1: Centers for staple exports lke furs, salt fish, timber, tobacco etc. Stage 2: Diversification of the urban economy based on the local demand, as income increased demand for
Threshold Demand: The minimum number of customers required to support a business. Isotopic plane: an idealized, flat landscape with uniform transport costs and no geographic barriers. Higher-order v. lower-order central places; differences; know the limitations of central place theory Higher order places: provide specialized services, like university and hospitals, attract costumers from a large area. Lower-Order places: Provide basic services (grocery store) ad cater to a smaller area. Limitations: Real world deviations hinder the theory like topography, transportation infrastructure, etc. Network of cities: Monocentric network of cities; what they are; main characteristics and basic forms. Monocentric Network: Where one city dominates the economic and social activities. Around it there are mid-size and small cities that work together through agglomeration. All functions and services are covered at the core. Corridor network of cities; what they are; main characteristics and basic forms; give examples for each network where they are found A linear arrangement of cities along a major transportation route. The Bos Wash network in the U.S. is an example. Megalopolis and conurbation; give examples Megalopolis, a large extended urban area formed by merging several cities. Bos. Wash in the U.S. and Tokaido in Japan. Conurbation, a continuous urban region formed by the expansion of towns and cities into a larger urban zone. 2 or more cities close together.
Global, national, regional, network of cities; how they are interrelated at different geographic scales They’re connected through trade, migration, and communication, cities each can play different roles on a global scale. Polycentric urban region (PUR); what they are; main characteristics: what are some criteria for a PUR to from They are Network cities; they occur when several large cities that are not world class are near each other. They act as a single functional region and can be competitive at the global economic level. Tourism and its economic importance A major global activity that creates jobs, stimulates infrastructure, and brings in exchange of foreign currency. How does the core-periphery model apply to tourism; the role MDCs and LDCs in tourism Tourist-generating and tourist- receiving regions; what are the characteristics? Core gets bigger and wealthier, periphery not so much. Core: High income countries dominate the demand for tourism. Periphery: low-income countries usually serve as the tourist destinations. Can grow with MDC investment.
The growth pole model: how does this model apply to tourism; know trickle- down process, polarization, etc. Because you have a core nearby all the developing regions can grow together, that is known as the trick down process, the wealth is trickling down. This leads to more polarization. Sustainable tourism; main ideas using 3 spheres; how each sphere relates to each other; roles of employment, cultural understanding, & resources Sustainable tourism is only possible if we maintain the 3 spheres (social, economic, environmental), support the local workers, and everything else must be well balanced. Understand culture as well. Tourism is only possible if all the three spheres are maintained equally. What can MDCs do to promote stable employment? Buy local goods, provide childcare support, and healthcare. Global tourism flows: what we know from the number of tourists leaving and visiting world regions Last in class assignment Tourism account: what is the relationship between MDCs and LDCs in income & expenditure; current strategy to increase revenue in MDCs The income a country receives from tourism and then the income their own people spend outside of the country. MDCs tend to have more expenditures, and LDCs have more income from international tourists. They try to increase income as much as possible using technology like Japan and robot workers. Reducing cost of operations.
Globalization; knowledge economy; 4 integrations of production systems The state of autarky: no trade between two countries Internationalization: trade starts and exchange of finished goods. Full integrations: finished goods and component portions being traded. Full integrations with international division of labor: developing countries are creating assembly plants due to the cheap labor. Outsourcing; border types When work is sent overseas due to cheaper costs. Impermeable borders are borders you can’t pass, partially permeable borders are borders you can cross like Canada and U.S., fully permeable is a fully open border you can cross, like countries within the E.U MNEs; differences between intra-firm trade, multidomestic and global firms Multinational firms like McDonalds providing different products in different parts of the world. Product life cycle & geography Growth stage, maturity and then the decline. Mdcs provide technologies to create something innovated, the product comes out and its expensive, the growth stage of outsourcing to produce the good and then the process drops. HERE WE GOOOOOOO
