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Genetics mutations, Slides of Genetics

Mutations - Mutations

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Uploaded on 01/09/2016

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BIOL 117-General Biology
Genetics and Genes
Genetics – the study of heredity
The science of genetics explores:
1. Transmission of biological traits from
parent to offspring
2. Expression and variation of those traits
3. Structure and function of genetic
material
4. How this material changes
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BIOL 117-General Biology

Genetics and Genes

Genetics – the study of heredity

The science of genetics explores:

1. Transmission of biological traits from

parent to offspring

2. Expression and variation of those traits

3. Structure and function of genetic

material

4. How this material changes

Levels of Structure and Function of the Genome

  • (^) Genome – sum total of genetic material of a cell (chromosomes + mitochondria/chloroplasts and/or plasmids) - (^) Genome of cells – DNA - (^) Genome of viruses – DNA or RNA
  • (^) DNA complexed with protein constitutes the genetic material as chromosomes
  • (^) Bacterial chromosomes are a single circular loop
  • (^) Eukaryotic chromosomes are multiple and linear

Figure 9.3 E. coli cell has spewed out

its DNA

  • (^) All types of genes constitute the

genetic makeup – genotype

  • (^) The expression of the genotype

creates observable traits –

phenotype

DNA Replication

  • (^) Making an exact duplicate of the DNA involves 30 different enzymes
  • (^) Begins at an origin of replication
    • (^) Leading strand – synthesized continuously in 5′ to 3′ direction
    • (^) Lagging strand – synthesized 5′ to 3′ in short segments; overall direction is 3′ to 5′

DNA replication is semiconservative because each chromosome ends up with one new strand of DNA and one old strand.

REPLICATION ENZYMES

**1. GYRASE

  1. HELICASE
  2. RNA PRIMASE
  3. DNA POLYMERASE
  4. RNA EXONUCLEASE
  5. DNA POLYMERASE
  6. DNA LIGASE**

Flow of Genetic Information Figure 8.

REPLICATION ENZYMES

**1. GYRASE

  1. HELICASE
  2. RNA PRIMASE
  3. DNA POLYMERASE
  4. RNA EXONUCLEASE
  5. DNA POLYMERASE
  6. DNA LIGASE**

9.2 Applications of the DNA code

  • (^) Information stored on the DNA

molecule is conveyed to RNA

molecules through the process of

transcription

  • (^) The information contained in the RNA

molecule is then used to produce

proteins in the process of

translation

Gene-Protein Connection

  1. Each triplet of nucleotides on the RNA specifies a particular amino acid
  2. A protein’s primary structure determines its shape and function
  3. Proteins determine phenotype. Living things are what their proteins make them.
  4. DNA is mainly a blueprint that tells the cell which kinds of proteins to make and how to make them

RNAs

  • (^) Single-stranded molecule made of

nucleotides

  • (^) 5 carbon sugar is ribose
  • (^) 4 nitrogen bases – adenine, uracil , guanine, cytosine
  • (^) Phosphate