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DNA = “the life instructions of the cell”. Gene = segment of. DNA that tells the cell how to make a certain protein. Allele = one of two or more different.
Typology: Lecture notes
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Every cell in our body has the
same DNA….
Eye cell
Lung cell
Toe cell
Karyotype
DNA = “the life
instructions of the
cell”
Gene = segment of
DNA that tells the cell how to make a
certain protein.
Allele = one of two
or more different
versions of a gene
Sequence for normal adult hemoglobin:
Sequence for mutant hemoglobin:
Wild-type Hemoglobin Protein
Mutant Protein
Normal Red Blood Cell
Abnormal Red Blood Cell
The HGP: International effort to decipher
the blueprint of a human being.
DNA samples collected fromthousands of volunteers
Samples sent to Human GenomeProject centers across the world
Scientists at centers perform DNA
sequencing and analysis
February 2001: Draft of thesequence published in Nature(public effort )and Science(Celera – private company).
April, 2003 (50 years afterWatson and Crick structure ofDNA was published) : Fullsequence published andresearchers determined thatwithin this sequence there wassomewhere between 30,000and 40,000 genes. We nowbelieve there are closer to25,000 genes
Analyzing
genetic variation
between
individuals and
populations
Discovering
DNA and gene
functions
Investigating
interactions between DNA sequences, gene
products, and
environmental factors
Comparing the
genomes of humans and
other organisms
Gregor Mendel
Augustinian monk whocross-bred pea plants withdifferent characteristics
Observations led to lawsregarding the transmissionof hereditarycharacteristics fromgeneration to generation
Many of the concepts fromhis observations still holdtrue today!
Picture from www.nih.nlm.gov
Mendel’s
Laws: