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General psychology in basic principle of sensation, vision, perception and explain the trichromatic theory of color perception.
Typology: Study notes
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06/29/
Basic principles of sensation
Vision
o The retina (rods and cones), the blind spot
trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory)
Hearing
The chemical sense and body senses
o Science versus pseudoscience: pheromones
Perception
Perceptual illusions
The effects of experience on perceptual interpretations
Application: Strategies to control pain
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What are some phenomena this chapter can help explain?
Taste:
teeth?
Vision:
blind)
notice it?
eyes)?
Vestibular sense:
(what are pilots trained to do)?
Other:
people possess ESP abilities such as telepathy,
clairvoyance, psychokinesis and precognition, but about _
of American adults believe in ESP. What is one of the
many reasons why people believe in ESP?
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There are some basic concepts that psychologists use when
talking about the sensitivity of the senses (page 90).
stimuli that can be detected half the time, or 50% of the
time. This label seems counterintuitive, but it is not. Why?
between two stimuli that can be detected half the time.
This is also called just noticeable difference (jnd).
the just noticeable difference (jnd) will vary depending on
its relation to the strength of the original stimulus.
stimulus. Therefore, a stronger stimulus is required to
activate the sensors.
For example, why is understanding sensory adaptation important
(in what cases would sensory adaptation be “bad”)?
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Organizing information. You should read the section on rods
and cones and organize the information in two columns.
Rods Cones
ends
that taper to a point
30 minutes
minutes
but more prevalent in the
peripheral areas of the
retina
the fovea, and less
common in the periphery
light—about 1000 time
better
details and vision in bright
light.
In addition to this, you should see how this information
interrelates with material in the pictures/diagrams and
experience (such as the one on page 95).
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The Opponent Process Theory
The trichromatic theory of color perception cannot explain an
afterimage such as seeing a faint red, white and blue flag after
staring at a yellow/green flag.
According to the opponent process theory, there are three types
of color sensitive neurons that are sensitive to a certain pair of
colors:
g g r
r r e
e e e
e e n
n n
y y e
e e l
l l l
l l o
o o w
w w
One single receptor can only be activated to a single color, while
the other color is inhibited (blue can be activated, while the
yellow is inhibited). With multiple receptors, some receptors
can be sensitive to blue, while others can be sensitive to yellow.
For example,
y y e
e e l
l l l
l l o
o o w
w w
y y e
e e l
l l l
l l o
o o w
w w
y y e
e e l
l l l
l l o
o o w
w w
y y e
e e l
l l l
l l o
o o w
w w
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All color perceptions are a combination of these receptors. For
example,
y y e
e e l
l l l
l l o
o o w
w w
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Which theory of color vision is “right”,
they both can’t be right?
This is the wrong question to ask about color perception. Both
theories explain color perception, but at a different level of color
perception.
within the structure of the eye (the cones and retina) before
being transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
ganglion cells, thalamus and visual cortex.
Why is understanding the process of color perception important
for understanding psychology, science, and perhaps life in
general.
multiple processes.
understanding the world around you. The question that is
given to you, may be the “wrong” question.
produce after images and other visual illusions.
theories are consistent. Science needs to be internally
consistent
Where will you see this again?
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Theories of Sound Perception
How do we perceive
What are examples of low frequency sounds?
What are examples of high frequency sounds?
Perception of low frequency sounds (below 500 hertz):
sound wave
(or 300 hertz), the membrane vibrates at 300 times per
second.
Perception of high frequency sounds:
locations along the basilar membrane.
stirrup end of the basilar membrane.
other end.