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General Chemistry Reference Sheet: Essential Concepts and Formulas, Cheat Sheet of Chemistry

United States Naval Academy (USNA)Chemistry

Cheat sheet on chemistry covers topics of Common Metric Prefixes and Units, Nomenclature, Common Anions, Bases, Electrolytes and Dissociation.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2020/2021
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY REFERENCE SHEET
5/2/14
Common Metric Prefixes and Units
Unit
Symbol
Conversions
meter
m
1 m = 39.37 inches
centimeter
cm
1 inch = 2.54 cm
exactly
Angstrom
Å
1 Å = 1 x 10-10 m
gram
g
1 g = 0.002205 lb
liter
L
1 L = 1000 cm3
= 1.056710 qt
Kelvin
K
K = oC + 273.15
kilo
k
103
deci
d
10-1
centi
c
10-2
milli
m
10-3
micro
µ
10-6
nano
n
10-9
pico
p
10-12
Nomenclature
Common Cations
Charge
Formula
Name
1+
H+
hydrogen ion
H3O+
hydronium ion
Alkali metal+
alkali metal ion
NH4+
ammonium ion
Ag+
silver ion
Cu+
copper(I)
2+
Alkaline earth
metal
2+
alkaline earth metal ion
Zn2+
zinc ion
Co2+
cobalt(II)
Cu2+
copper(II)
Fe2+
iron(II)
Mn2+
manganese(II)
Hg22+
mercury(I)
Hg2+
mercury(II)
Ni2+
nickel(II)
Pb2+
lead(II)
Sn2+
tin(II)
3+
Al3+
aluminum ion
Cr3+
chromium(III)
Fe3+
iron(III)
Common Anions
Charge
Name
1-
hydride ion
fluoride ion
chloride ion
bromide ion
iodide ion
cyanide ion
hydroxide ion
nitrate
2
HCO3-
nitrite
hydrogen carbonate or
bicarbonate ion
hydrogen sulfate ion
Charge
Name
1-
perchlorate ion
chlorate ion
chlorite ion
hypochlorite ion
permanganate ion
dihydrogen phosphate ion
2
3
2
-
acetate ion
2-
oxide ion
sulfide ion
sulfate ion
sulfite ion
carbonate ion
dichromate ion
hydrogen phosphate
3-
phosphate ion
Other Compounds
Formula
Name
H
2
O
water
NH3
ammonia
CH4
methane (natural gas)
O
3
ozone
H2O2
hydrogen peroxide
H
2
, N
2
, O
2
, F
2
, Cl
2
,
Br2, I2
diatomic molecules
He, Ne, Ar
Noble gases
Acids
Formula
Name
HNO3
nitric acid (strong)
H2SO4
sulfuric acid (strong)
HCl
hydrochloric acid (strong)
HBr
hydrobromic acid (strong)
HI
hydroiodic acid (strong)
HClO4
perchloric acid (strong)
H3PO4
phosphoric acid (weak)
H2CO3
carbonic acid (weak)
HC
2
H
3
O
2
(or
CH3COOH)
acetic acid (weak)
HF
hydrofluoric acid
Bases
Formula
Name
NaOH
sodium hydroxide (strong)
KOH
Mg(OH)2
Ca(OH)2
potassium hydroxide (strong)
magnesium hydroxide (strong)
calcium hydroxide (strong)
NH3
ammonia (weak)
NR
3
other amines (weak)
pf2
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY REFERENCE SHEET 5/2/

Common Metric Prefixes and Units Unit Symbol Conversions meter m 1 m = 39.37 inches centimeter cm 1 inch = 2.54 cm exactly Angstrom Å 1 Å = 1 x 10 -10^ m gram g 1 g = 0.002205 lb liter L 1 L = 1000 cm^3 = 1.056710 qt Kelvin K K = oC + 273. kilo k 10 3 deci d 10 - centi c 10 - milli m 10 - micro μ 10 - nano n 10 - pico p 10 -

Nomenclature

Common Cations Charge Formula Name 1+ H +^ hydrogen ion H (^) 3O +^ hydronium ion Alkali metal +^ alkali metal ion NH 4 +^ ammonium ion Ag+^ silver ion Cu +^ copper(I) 2+ Alkaline earth metal2+

alkaline earth metal ion

Zn2+^ zinc ion Co 2+^ cobalt(II) Cu2+^ copper(II) Fe 2+^ iron(II) Mn2+^ manganese(II) Hg 2 2+^ mercury(I) Hg2+^ mercury(II) Ni2+^ nickel(II) Pb 2+^ lead(II) Sn2+^ tin(II) 3+ Al3+^ aluminum ion Cr 3+^ chromium(III) Fe 3+^ iron(III) Common Anions Charge Formula Name 1- H -^ hydride ion F-^ fluoride ion Cl-^ chloride ion Br -^ bromide ion I -^ iodide ion CN -^ cyanide ion OH -^ hydroxide ion NO 3 -^ nitrate NO 2 - HCO 3 -

nitrite hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate ion HSO 4 -^ hydrogen sulfate ion

Charge Formula Name 1- ClO 4 -^ perchlorate ion ClO 3 -^ chlorate ion ClO 2 -^ chlorite ion ClO -^ hypochlorite ion MnO 4 -^ permanganate ion H (^) 2PO 4 -^ dihydrogen phosphate ion C2H (^) 3O 2 - (or CH (^) 3COO -^ )

acetate ion

2- O 2-^ oxide ion S2-^ sulfide ion SO 4 2-^ sulfate ion SO 3 2-^ sulfite ion CO 3 2-^ carbonate ion Cr (^) 2O 7 2-^ dichromate ion HPO 4 2-^ hydrogen phosphate 3- PO 4 3-^ phosphate ion

Other Compounds Formula Name H (^) 2O water NH 3 ammonia CH 4 methane (natural gas) O 3 ozone H (^) 2O 2 hydrogen peroxide H (^) 2, N (^) 2, O (^) 2, F 2 , Cl2, Br 2 , I (^2)

diatomic molecules

He, Ne, Ar Noble gases

Acids Formula Name HNO 3 nitric acid (strong) H (^) 2SO 4 sulfuric acid (strong) HCl hydrochloric acid (strong) HBr hydrobromic acid (strong) HI hydroiodic acid (strong) HClO 4 perchloric acid (strong) H (^) 3PO 4 phosphoric acid (weak) H (^) 2CO 3 carbonic acid (weak) HC2H (^) 3O 2 (or CH (^) 3COOH)

acetic acid (weak)

HF hydrofluoric acid

Bases Formula Name NaOH sodium hydroxide (strong) KOH Mg(OH) (^2) Ca(OH) (^2)

potassium hydroxide (strong) magnesium hydroxide (strong) calcium hydroxide (strong) NH 3 ammonia (weak) NR 3 other amines (weak)

GENERAL CHEMISTRY REFERENCE SHEET 5/2/

Alkanes (Cn H (^) 2n+2 ) Formula Name CH 4 methane C 2 H 6 ethane C 3 H 8 propane C 4 H 10 butane C 5 H 12 pentane C 6 H 14 hexane C 7 H 16 heptane C 8 H 18 octane C 9 H 20 nonane C 10 H 22 decane

Electrolytes and Dissociation

Electrolytic Behavior Strong Electrolyte

Weak Electrolyte

Non- electrolyte

Dissociation Complete (→)

Partial

none

Soluble Ionic Compounds all none none

Molecular Compounds

strong acids

weak acids and bases all others

A Few Solubility Rules

Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds in Water Soluble when containing: Exceptions: Alkali metal ions (group 1A)

none

NH 4 +^ none NO 3 -^ none C 2 H 3 O 2 -^ (or CH 3 COO-) none

Cl-^ , Br -^ , I -^ Ag+, Hg 2 2+, Pb 2+

Insoluble when containing: Exceptions: Ions with charges 2+/- or higher*

see above

  • There are many exceptions.