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An introduction to probability theory, covering different probability interpretations such as theoretical, empirical, and subjective, as well as rules like the Complement, General Addition, and Multiplication rules. It also explains mutually exclusive events and independent events.
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P(A) = 1 – P(~A) or P(A) + P(~A) = 1
For any two events A and B, the probability of A or B occurring is :
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P( A and B).
Flip a coin twice. Probability of 2 heads:
P(heads, heads) = 0.5 + 0.5 – 0.25 = 0.75.
If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then the probability of A or B is:
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).
p. 196
P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B|A)
p. 202
= P(Democrat) × P(likes president|Democrat) = 0.50 × 0.80 = 0.
P(‘1’|heads) = P(‘1’|tails) = P(‘1’)
p. 202
P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)
pp. 202-
P(A and B) P(A)
Table 1. Purchase Type by Gender
P(male customer|buys utility lighting) = 0.40/0.50 = 0.80.