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Artifacts
sex differences in health due to confounding variables....i.e.,
men have higher SES and access to more resources than
women. EX2: Men have higher rate of heart disease but
women have more advanced problems at diagnoses and are
treated less aggressively, medically speaking.
TERM 2
Osteoporosis
DEFINITION 2
Osteoporosis is a disease of bones that leads to an increased
risk of fracture.Process of bone demineralization. Affects
women more than men. Decreased mobility due to fractures
and decreased quality of life. Exercise slows and reverses
proces.
TERM 3
Agoraphobia
DEFINITION 3
Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety
in situations where the sufferer perceives the environment as
being difficult to escape or get help. Women more likely to
have this disorder. Panic disorder with agoraphobia is twice
as common in women.
TERM 4
Panic attack
DEFINITION 4
Panic attacks are periods of intense fear or apprehension
that are of sudden onset and of variable duration from
minutes to hours.No fear-provoking situation occurred to
elicit this response - dizzy, sweating, shortness of breath.
Equally likely in men and women.
TERM 5
Bipolar disorder
DEFINITION 5
Bipolar disorder or bipolar affective disorder is a psychiatric
diagnosis for a mood disorder. Characterized by mania, high
activity and elevated mood, alternating with bouts of
depression. Normal moods may occur in between weeks. NO
gender difference in prevalence, but women's symptoms my
have more depressed times and manic phases than men.
Differential Exposure
women are more depressed than men because the experience more of certain kinds of stressful eventsWomen report more interpersonal stressors, sexual abuse, and poverty, all of which are risk factors for depressionBut, when you statistically control for these events, there is still a sex difference in rates of depression.idea that men and women are exposed to different kinds of stress TERM 7
Learned Helplessness
DEFINITION 7 Learned helplessness is the condition of a human or animal that has learned to behave helplessly, failing to respond even though there are opportunities for it to help itself by avoiding unpleasant circumstances or by gaining positive rewards. Give upFemales lower social status may lead to lower perceptions of controlLack of control can contribute to perceptions of helplessness and lead to depression TERM 8
Differential vunerability
DEFINITION 8
certain stressful events are more strongly associated with
distress among women than menFemales respond more
negatively to social stress
TERM 9
Coping
DEFINITION 9 In psychology, coping is "constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands (stressors) that are appraised as taxing" or "exceeding the resources of the person". No gender difference in terms of coping , but may be research artifacts rather than gender differences. Problem focused coping (alter the stressor itself) - analyze, plan, take action to get rid of or concentrate on problem or emotion focused coping (accomodate themselves to the stressor) become upset or express negative feelings. TERM 10
Dysthymia
DEFINITION 10 Dysthymia, also known as neurotic depression, dysthymic disorder, and chronic depression, is a mood disorder consisting of the same cognitive and physical problems as in depression, with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms, which may persist for at least 2 years. Milder than major depressions but can co-occur or exist separately. Chronic that may last for years.More commong in women with a ration of 2-3:
Social phobias
Social phobia is distinguished by a fear of public humiliation
or embarrassment.More common in women in general
population, but more common in men in clinical setting.
Small gender differences
TERM 17
Phobias
DEFINITION 17 Unreasonable fear concerning an object or situation, other than fearing a panic attack. More common in women by 2:1 A phobia is, when used in the context of clinical psychology, a type of anxiety disorder, usually defined as a persistent fear of an object or situation in which the sufferer commits to great lengths in avoiding, typically disproportional to the actual danger posed, often being recognized as irrational. TERM 18
Social support
DEFINITION 18 providing emotional and material resources. 4 elements: 1. emotional concern, 2. instrumental aid (money or other assistance), 3. information and advice, and 4. feedback. Men's social support often comes from women.Social support is the perception and actuality that one is cared for, has assistance available from other people, and that one is part of a supportive social network. TERM 19
Stress
DEFINITION 19
Circumstances place people in situations that tax or exceed
their resouces and endanger their well-being. Inevitable.
Parenthood, marriage, employment, etc. are sources of
stress as well as combination thereof.. Sexism,
discrimination, and poverty also sources of stress.
TERM 20
Histrionic personality disorder
DEFINITION 20 compatible with gender stereotypes for women.more common in women.Histrionic personality disorder is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval and inappropriately seductive behavior, usually beginning in early adulthood.
Antisocial personality disorder
lying, fighting, stealing, and physical cruelty. Exaggerated male gender role. Sturdy Oak facet, self-reliance and lack of emotion. Give 'em Hell facet with dominance and aggression. More common in men in bother general and clinical settingsAntisocial personality disorder is described by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition (DSM-IV-TR), as an Axis II personality disorder characterized by "... TERM 22
Dependent personality disorder
DEFINITION 22 Need to be taken care of, submissive and clinging behavior - fear of separation. Exaggeration of female gender role.More common in women. Most common of personality disorders .Dependent personality disorder, formerly known as asthenic personality disorder, is a personality disorder that is characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. TERM 23
Schizotypal personality disorder
DEFINITION 23
Social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort
with close relationship as well as eccentricities. Slightly
more common in men Schizotypal personality disorder is a
personality disorder characterized by a need for social
isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behavior and
thinking, and often unconventional beliefs.
TERM 24
Schizophrenia
DEFINITION 24
Diagnosed with equal frequency between men and women.
NO gender difference in prevalence but with exhibition of
symptomsSchizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized
by a breakdown of thought processes and by a deficit of
typical emotional responses.
TERM 25
Anorexia nervosa
DEFINITION 25
Highest mortality rate of any psychotic disorder. Continual
pursuit of thinness, refusal to maintain 85% of normal
weight. Distorted body image
Risk factor
a condition associated with an increased probability that a
disorder will developSex is a risk factor for developing CVD
before age 65 for men.In epidemiology, a risk factor is a
variable associated with an increased risk of disease or
infection.
TERM 32
CVD
DEFINITION 32
Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases involving the
heart and circulatory system which can be life threatening.
Angina pectoris causes shortness of breath and chest pain,
but not immediate threat to life, while a myocardial
infarction(heart attack) and stroke can be immediately fatal.
LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH in US 34% of all deaths in 2006
TERM 33
Rumination
DEFINITION 33
passive and repetitive focus on the negative and damaging
aspects of a situation
TERM 34
Unmitigated communion
DEFINITION 34
a focus on others to the exclusion of the selfRely on others
for self-esteem & internalize others views of themselvesMore
strongly related to depression than sex or gender.
TERM 35
Gender paradox
DEFINITION 35 although women are more likely to be depressed and attempt suicide, men commit suicide more frequentlyWomen contemplate and attempt suicide moreIncidenceSex differences extend across ages and culturesMen use more violent methodsOfficial rates likely underestimatesGender-related methodological issues with reports of suicides and attempted suicidesSuicide rates by sex and age. Men have higher suicide rates than women at all ages. The sex difference is particularly high among young people and the elderly.
Aaron Beck
Aaron Becks cognitive therapy for depression Concentrates on self- defeating thoughts that accompany depression. It is an active, structured, problem-focused, and time-limited approach to treatment which is based on the premise that depression is maintained by negatively biased information processing and dysfunctional beliefs. Treatment is designed to help patients learn to think more adaptively and thereby experience improvements in affect, motivation, and behavior. Evaluate the validity of their beliefs and introduce pleasurable experiencesGoal: To change behavior through changing the way clients think TERM 37
ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)
DEFINITION 37
delivery of electrical shock to brain is a medical approach to
behavior problems. Therapeutic effects but unlear why and
may have serious side effects.
TERM 38
Albert Ellis
DEFINITION 38 Albert Ellis (September 27, 1913 - July 24, 2007) was an American psychologist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). is a comprehensive, active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives. Objected to nondirective nature of psychoanalysis and that therapists should set goals and it should be brief and problem oriented. Change in beliefs will produce changes in emotions and behavior. TERM 39
B.F. Skinner - Behavior modification
DEFINITION 39 Behavior modificationStrives to replace inappropriate or deviant behaviors with other, healthier behavior patterns, using the principals of operant & classical conditioningBehaviors are learned and maintained by reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement more desirable behavior is more common than punishment for undesirable behavior WOMEN most often seek treatment this way because treatment for assertivness, eating disorders, depressions, and phobias. TERM 40
John Watson - Cognitive behavior therapy
DEFINITION 40 Cognitive behavior therapy - variation of behavior modification that accepts the importance of cognition in producing behavior and applies the principles of reinforcement to bring behavioral changes.Focuses on changing thought patters to change behavior. and more collaborative than behavior mod. Problems are the result of learned patterns of maladaptive behaviorChanging thought patterns to change behavior
Repression
Pushing problematic material into the region of the
unconscious. Has potential to remain there from childhood
into adulthood and can produce problems at any time.
TERM 47
Sexual exploitation in therapy
DEFINITION 47
A preponderance of male therapists in positions of power
over female clientsSexual contact between therapist and
client has been commonAbout 7% of male and 1.5% of
female therapists have had sex with their patientsEthics
codes of all mental health professions prohibit such contact
