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This lecture note explores the impact of industrialization and economic restructuring on gender roles and labor force participation in taiwan, hong kong, south korea, and singapore. The reasons behind the different trends in manufacturing sector employment for men and women in each country, the effects of economic restructuring on women, and the role of government policies in shaping the labor market. Additionally, it examines the gendered nature of recruitment and labor processes in transnational corporations in taiwan.
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Different impacts on gender and development in
the four tigers (1)
Hong Kong’s Economic Restructuring in the 1980s: the decline of labor-intensive manufactures, which had provided many job opportunities for women with low skills in the past decades; development of service sector from the 1980s
The bulk of small- and medium-sized firm tried to reduce their costs of production by taking advantage of China’s open-door policy and transferring manufacturing production to Mainland China—this explains the drastic decline of Hong Kong’s female employment in manufacturing from the early 1980s
Images on factory workers and sales
Recruitment of entry-level jobs for high school graduates: Female workers: young (above 16 years old) and single— sometimes “marriage ban” is applied (to agree to resign once getting married) No particular demand for male workers
Labor process: the absolute classification between men’s “stronger” vs. women’s “weaker” body—this concept determines different job assignments for male and female workers Lower-level positions: filled by internal succession and promotion. The average educational level of male workers was slightly above high school graduate and that of female workers was around high school—women sacrificed their education to work to support family and/or allow their brothers to have more education
Higher-level positions: filled by external recruitment of qualified personnel. Few women are in the rank. 1) a result of “homosocial reproduction” (male managers favored male workers to be promoted); 2) the “superwomen” (女強人) label