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GCU BIO-201 Exam 3 questions with correct
answers
synarthroses - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔immovable joints, found in places such as the sutures of the skull Amphiarthrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔slightly movable joint in places like the innervertebral discs diarthroses - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔freely movable joints, found in places such as the shoulder synovial joints - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔freely movable joints that connect bones with a sack of fluid to prevent rubbing and breakdown of bone synchondroses - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔bones united by hyaline cartilage (cartilaginous joints); are NOT freely moveable; in places such as the epiphyseal line symphysis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔limited movement of joints due to the covering of articular surface of joints with hyaline cartilage. ex. pubis symphysis in os coxa fibrous joints - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together (3 Types)
Suture Joints - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔fuse bones together, such as in the skull Syndesmosomes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔bones connected to ligaments, such as the ligaments that connect the radius and ulna Gomphoses - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔peg-in-socket fibrous joint, such as teeth in the alveolar socket Menisci - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Pads of cartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones, especially between the knee and mandible Bursae - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid Tendon Sheaths - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction Plane/Gliding joints - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Flat articular surfaces, bones slide over each other Usually biaxial joints Examples: between carpal bones of wrist; between tarsal bones of ankle; also between articular processes of vertebrae hinge joint - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane
strain - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon Meniscal injury - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a tear is incurred upon the meniscus, especially at the knee joint luxation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔total dislocation of a joint subluxation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔partial dislocation of a joint Bursitis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔inflammation of a bursa Tendonitis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔inflammation of a tendon sheath due to overuse Insertion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin Actin - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔thin filaments Myosin - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔thick filament Myofiber - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔entire muscle cell
Myofibril - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔tightly packed filament bundles found within skeletal muscle fibers Sarcoplasm - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cytoplasm of a muscle cell Sarcolemma - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔muscle cell membrane sarcoplasmic reticulum - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells that stores calcium for muscle movement T (transverse) tubules - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔membranous channel that extends inward toward sarcoplasmic reticulum terminal cisternae - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔dilated end-sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other Endomysium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Surrounds individual muscle fibers Perimysium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle Epimysium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔covers the entire skeletal muscle aponeurosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a sheet-like tissue that functions as a tendon, connecting muscle to bone. it is sheet-like, compared to a coil-like tendon
strength control - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔large motor units where up to 1,000 connect to a muscle (ex. gastrocnemius) Recruitment (Muscle) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔It is the process of increasing the number of motor units contracting within a muscle at a given time. unfused tetanus - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔type of wave summation with partial relaxation observed between twitches fused tetanus - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔when stimulus frequency is so high that no muscle relaxation takes place between stimuli wave summation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔One stimulus immediately follows the next; stimulus continually gets hit. Muscles doesn't quite return to resting state. Treppe - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Phenomenon in which each successive twitch contracts with similar amount of stimulus before. isotonic contraction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A muscle contraction that pulls on the bones and produces movement of body parts. isometric contraction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length
concentric contraction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔shortening of muscle ex. flexing biceps eccentric contraction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔muscle lengthens ex. extending biceps yes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Are skeletal muscles striated? yes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Are cardiac muscles striated? No - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Are smooth muscles striated? no - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Are cardiac and skeletal muscles regenerative? yes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Is smooth muscle regenerative? cardiac muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Which muscle type has intercalated discs? myofibrils stretched too far - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔does not allow myosin and actin to touch, therefore muscle cannot form cross bridges to contract. myofibrils too close together - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔actin and myosin are intertwined deeply, allowing for there to be no tension for muscle to preform contraction movement
Phosphorylation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule. Astrocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔contributes to and regulates Blood Brain Barrier (BBB); regulates composition of fluid in the brain; converts glucose to lactate for the brain to use as energy; secretes chemicals that stimulate nerve maintenance Microglia - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system Oligodendrocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Form myelin sheath in CNS ependymal cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (ciliated for this movement) satellite cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔protect neuron cell bodies Schwann cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔produce myelin in PNS Nissl bodies - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔RER and free ribosomes that make neurotransmitters initial segment of axon - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Area of the axon having the lowest threshold for stimulation, so the action potentials begin at this point
axoplasm - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cytoplasm of axon Axolemma - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔plasma membrane of axon axon collaterals - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Side branches of the axon, carry signal to other cells. Axon telodendria - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔branches on axon terminal propagating signals towards post synaptic cell Endoneurium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve Perineurium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔surrounds each neuron fascicle Epineurium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔surrounds the entire nerve bundle
