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FUNDAMENTALS OF HEALTH & PHYSICAL, Study notes of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences

Exercise physiology, principles of training, program development and management recommendations, Nutrition basics and weight control: risks and Recommendations; choices and benefits Basic principles of fitness and wellness self- assessment and interpretation

Typology: Study notes

2016/2017

Uploaded on 03/12/2017

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Cardiovascular disease
Disease of the heart and blood vessels
Leading cause of death
Attributed to way we live life
Not all factors are controllable- sometimes inherited
Atherosclerosis: CVD in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by
deposits of a fatty substance; the internal channels of the arteries thus become narrowed, and
blood supply is reduced.
Plaque: A deposit of fatty (and other) substances on the inner wall of the arteries
Coronary heart disease: Heart disease caused by hardening of the arteries that supply oxygen to
the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease. (Causes heart attacks)
Heart Attack: Damage to, or death of, heart muscles, sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart
to deliver enough blood to the body; also known as myocardial infarction (MI)
If one of the coronary arteries that supplies blood to the heart becomes blocked by a blood clot, a
heart attack results. A heart attack caused by a clot is called a coronary thrombosis.
Angina Pectoris: Chest pain that signals that the heart isn`t getting enough oxygen that it needs.-
A condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough blood, causing serve pain in the
chest and often in the left arm and shoulder.
If the electrical impulses that control heartbeats are disrupted, the heart may beat too quickly, too
slowly, or in an irregular fashion, a condition known as arrhythmia.
Sudden cardiac death: Also known as cardiac arrest is most often caused by an arrhythmia
called Ventricular Fibrillation, a kind of “quivering” of the ventricle that makes it ineffective in
pumping blood. If VF continues for more than a few minutes it can be fatal.
Not all hear attacks involve sharp pain; women experience short breath, weakness, unusual
fatigue, cold sweat, dizziness, and nausea.
Asprin has an immediate anticlotting effect.
Certain characteristic changes in the heart’s electrical activity while it is under stress can reveal
particular heart problems, such as restricted blood flow to the heart muscle.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electronbeam computed tomography (EBC),
echocardiograms, and angiograms are tools used to visualize a patient’s heart and arteries
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Cardiovascular disease

  • Disease of the heart and blood vessels
  • Leading cause of death
  • Attributed to way we live life
  • Not all factors are controllable- sometimes inherited Atherosclerosis: CVD in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by deposits of a fatty substance; the internal channels of the arteries thus become narrowed, and blood supply is reduced. Plaque: A deposit of fatty (and other) substances on the inner wall of the arteries Coronary heart disease: Heart disease caused by hardening of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease. (Causes heart attacks) Heart Attack: Damage to, or death of, heart muscles, sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the body; also known as myocardial infarction (MI) If one of the coronary arteries that supplies blood to the heart becomes blocked by a blood clot, a heart attack results. A heart attack caused by a clot is called a coronary thrombosis. Angina Pectoris: Chest pain that signals that the heart isn`t getting enough oxygen that it needs.- A condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough blood, causing serve pain in the chest and often in the left arm and shoulder. If the electrical impulses that control heartbeats are disrupted, the heart may beat too quickly, too slowly, or in an irregular fashion, a condition known as arrhythmia. Sudden cardiac death: Also known as cardiac arrest is most often caused by an arrhythmia called Ventricular Fibrillation , a kind of “quivering” of the ventricle that makes it ineffective in pumping blood. If VF continues for more than a few minutes it can be fatal. Not all hear attacks involve sharp pain; women experience short breath, weakness, unusual fatigue, cold sweat, dizziness, and nausea. Asprin has an immediate anticlotting effect. Certain characteristic changes in the heart’s electrical activity while it is under stress can reveal particular heart problems, such as restricted blood flow to the heart muscle. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electronbeam computed tomography (EBC), echocardiograms, and angiograms are tools used to visualize a patient’s heart and arteries

Several treatments include:

  • A low-fat diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Smoking cessation,
  • Taking half an aspirin to reduce clots and inflammation Balloon angioplasty: A common surgical treatment, involves threading a catheter with an inflatable balloon tip through a coronary artery until it reaches the area of blockage; the balloon is inflated, flattening the plaque and widening the arterial opening. In coronary bypass surgery, healthy blood vessels are grafted to coronary arteries to bypass blockage. Stroke: also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off. Prompt treatment of stroke can greatly decrease the risk of permanent disability. A stroke may be caused by a blood clot that blocks an artery (ischemic stroke) or by a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke) Ischemic strokes: are often caused by atherosclerosis or certain types of arrhythmia Hemorrhagic strokes: may occur if there is a weak spot in an artery wall or following a head injury. Rheumatic fever: A disease, mainly of children, characterized by fever, inflammation, and pain in the joints; often damages the heart muscle, a condition called rheumatic heart disease. When the heart cannot maintain its regular pumping rate and force, fluids begin to back up. When extra fluid seeps through capillary walls, edema (swelling) results, usually in the legs and ankles, but sometimes in other parts of the body as well. Fluid can collect in the lungs and interfere with breathing. This condition is called pulmonary edema, and the entire process if known as congestive heart failure. Treatment includes reducing the workload on the heart, modifying salt intake, and using drugs that help the body eliminate excess fluid. Risk Factors for Cardiovascular disease Major risk factors:
  • Diet
  • Exercise habits
  • Use of tobacco

When the heart contracts (systole), blood pressure increases; when the heart relaxes (diastole), pressure decreases.------ Chronic high blood pressure is a health risk. Blood pressure is measured with a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer. The first and larger number if the systolic blood pressure; the second is the diastolic blood pressure. A normal blood pressure reading is 120 systolic over 80 diastolic. Blood pressure equal or greater than 140 over 90 is a health risk High blood pressure results from either an increased output of blood by the heart or, most often, increased resistance to the blood flow in the arteries. When a person has high blood pressure, the heart must work harder than normal to force blood through the narrowed and stiffened arteries, straining both the heart and the arteries.—often called the “silent killer” A condition referred to as prehypertension, systolic and diastolic pressures just below hypertension levels. (120 to 139/ 80 to 89 mm Hg) has been identified as an additional risk factor for CVD. There are currently no statistics identifying the number of Canadians suffering from prehypertension. In most cases, they cannot be cured but controlled. Lifestlye changes include:

  • Weight reduction
  • Regular physical activity
  • A healthy diet- foods rich in potassium and fibre, both of which may reduce blood pressure. “Self-sensitive” meaning that their blood pressure will decrease significantly when salt intake is restricted Unhealthy Cholesterol levels Adequate cholesterol is essential for the proper functioning of the body. Excess cholesterol, however, can clog arteries and increase the risk of CVD Our bodies obtain cholesterol in two ways:
  • From the liver, which manufactures it
  • The foods we eat Cholesterol is carried in protein-lipid packages called lipoproteins.
  • LDL is known as “bad” cholesterol because if there is more than the body can use, the excess is deposited in the blood vessels. LDL that accumulates and becomes trapped in artery walls may be oxidized by free radicals, speeding inflammation and damage to the artery will become blocked causing a heart attack or stroke. High-Density lipoproteins (HDLs) or “good” cholesterol, shuttle unused cholesterol back to the liver for reycling

Raising HDL is important because a high HDL level seems to offer protection from CVD even in cases were total cholesterol is high, especially for women. Reducing LDL levels include substituting unsaturated for saturated and trans fats and increasing soluble fibre intake. Decreasing your intake of saturated and trans fats is particularly important because they promote the production and excretion of cholesterol by the liver. Cholesterol-lowering foods may be most effective when eaten in combination rather than separately. Diabetes: a disorder in which the metabolism of glucose is disrupted, causing a buildup of glucose in the bloodstream. Elevated blood glucose levels can damage the lining of arteries making them more vulnerable to atherosclerosis; diabetics also often have other risk factors, including hypertension, obesity, unhealthy cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and platelet and blood coagulation abnormalities. High triglyceride Levels: are blood fats that are obtained from food and manufactured by the body. People with borderline HTL, increased physical activity and weight reduction can bring levels down into the healthy range.. sometimes drugs therapy is needed.

Psychological and social factors

  • Stress (strains blood vessels, disturbs heart rhythms, encourages unhealthy habits)
  • Chronic hostility and anger
  • Suppressing psychological distress
  • Depression and anxiety
  • Social isolation
  • Low socioeconomic status (stress, health care, lifestyle) Major risk factors that can’t be changed
  • Family history( Heredity)
  • Aging: The risk of heart attack increases dramatically after age 65
  • Being Male: CVD leading killer in men. Estrogen provided some protection for women.
  • Ethnicity Most women die from stroke and congestive heart failure where as more men die from hear attacks and coronary artery disease such as atherosclerosis Protecting yourself against cardiovascular disease