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Substance Use and Abuse: A Comprehensive Overview, Study notes of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences

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2016/2017

Uploaded on 03/12/2017

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Chapter 14: Substance Use and Abuse
Drug = any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body
Addictive Behavior
Addictive behavior = any habit that has gotten out of control, resulting in a negative
impact on a person’s health
General characteristics associated with addictive behaviors:
-Reinforcement
-Compulsion or craving
-Loss of control
-Escalation
-Negative consequences
The development of Addiction:
Common behaviors are potentially addictive
No single cause of addiction
-Individual characteristics
-Substitute for effective coping abilities
-Environmental factors or aspects of the specific behavior or substance
Examples of Addictive behaviors
Compulsive or pathological gambling
-an increasing problem
-high suicide rate
Compulsive buying or shopping
Internet addiction
Substance Abuse
• Recurrent use of a substance, resulting in a failure to fulfill major responsibilities at work,
school, or home
Recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g. before driving)
Recurrent legal problems
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Chapter 14: Substance Use and Abuse

Drug = any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body

Addictive Behavior

  • Addictive behavior = any habit that has gotten out of control, resulting in a negative impact on a person’s health
  • General characteristics associated with addictive behaviors:
    • Reinforcement
    • Compulsion or craving
    • Loss of control
    • Escalation
    • Negative consequences

The development of Addiction:

  • Common behaviors are potentially addictive
  • No single cause of addiction
    • Individual characteristics
    • Substitute for effective coping abilities
    • Environmental factors or aspects of the specific behavior or substance

Examples of Addictive behaviors

  • Compulsive or pathological gambling
    • an increasing problem
    • high suicide rate
  • Compulsive buying or shopping
  • Internet addiction

Substance Abuse

- Recurrent use of a substance, resulting in a failure to fulfill major responsibilities at work, school, or home - Recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g. before driving) - Recurrent legal problems

  • Continued use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems
  • The pattern of use may be constant or intermittent, and physical dependence may or may not be present

Substance Dependence

  • Substance dependence = a cluster of symptoms that occur in an individual who continues to use a substance despite suffering significant problems, leading to significant impairment or distress

Alcohol Use

  • About 79% of Canadians over age 15 drink alcohol in some form
  • Alcohol can impair functioning in the short term and cause devastating damage in the long term.
  • As a result of car crashes and other injuries, alcohol is related to the leading cause of death among people between ages 15 and 24

Alcohol: Immediate Effects

  • Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) = the amount of alcohol in the blood in terms of weight per unit volume; used as a measure of intoxication
  • The body can metabolize about one-half a drink in an hour
  • Women typically have a higher BAC because of smaller size, greater percentage of body fat, and less-active alcohol-metabolizing stomach enzymes
  • Low doses of alcohol induce relaxation and release inhibitions
  • High doses of alcohol have many dangerous physical and psychological effects -

impaired judgment,

weakened sensory perception,

reduced inhibitions, impaired motor

coordination,

increased aggressiveness and hostility

  • 2002 - close to 1000 deaths in Canada directly related to alcohol consumption
  • 18% of all serious injury collisions involved alcohol

Effects of Chronic Use of Alcohol

  • Reduced life expectancy: ~ 15 years

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome = a characteristic group of birth defects