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Penn Foster Intro to Biology Final Exam
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Which of the following accurately describes the structure of an atom? - ✔✔Protons an neutrons are in the nucleus with the electrons orbiting around the nucleus When two atoms transfer electrons, the bond formed is called... - ✔✔An Ionic bond Fats and steroids are examples of - ✔✔lipids which macromolecule is responsible for carrying the genetic material in a cell? - ✔✔Nucleic acid Jelly Like structure that helps hold all other cellular organelles in place within a cell. - ✔✔Cytoplasm. Golgi apparatus - ✔✔Assists in the early stages of protein and lipid production The movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without the need for energy input is known as - ✔✔passive transport. When two liquids have the same osmotic pressure they're said to be - ✔✔isotonic When does facilitated diffusion occur> - ✔✔When certain large molecules can't move through the membrane without the help of channel proteins. A molecule will become an ion when which of the following happens? - ✔✔When it loses or gains an electron. The term voltage describes - ✔✔the electrical potential difference between two points.
all of the following are an example of a specialized cell except: neuron muscle cell blood cell zygote - ✔✔Zygote A group of organs working together to achieve a common function is known as a - ✔✔an organ system Why is cell specialization so important? - ✔✔it allows multicellular organisms to perform many distinct functions. The shape of neurons allows them to do what more efficiently? - ✔✔Transmit messages from cell to cell at high speed. Thylakoids are disk-like structures found within chloroplasts. They are important because they contain - ✔✔chlorohyll Changing the number of phosphate groups on a molecule of ATP causes - ✔✔significant energy release. after photons strike the light absorbing pigment chlorophyll, with of the following occurs first? - ✔✔electrons in chlorophyll become excited. Electrons then begin getting transported into the electron transport chain. What is the primary reason that ATP is transformed into glucose during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis - ✔✔glucose can store energy more efficiently than ATP Fermentation is an example of which of the following pathways - ✔✔an anaerobic respiration What is the final stage of cellular respiration - ✔✔the electron transport chain
A Punnett square is used to illustrate - ✔✔heritable traits in the offspring resulting from crossbreeding if an offspring inherits the sickle trait from one parent and no sickle trait from the other parent , the person will - ✔✔be a genetic carrier for the disorder. Griffith found that which combination of Streptococcus pneumoniae was highly severe? - ✔✔Live R Strain and Heat Treated S Strain. Hershey and Chase proved that DNA was the materical heredity by labelling which elements in their experiment - ✔✔Phosphorus of DNA and Sulfur on the protein. The other part of DNA is comprised of - ✔✔deoxyribose and phosphate backbone. DNA can make copies of itself. This property is called - ✔✔replication Shining x-ray light on a crystal molecule to determine its 3D structure is called - ✔✔x-ray crystallography What is the main difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides - ✔✔DNA has thymine as a nucleotide while RNA has Uricil The purpose of messenger RNA or nRNA is to - ✔✔Carry information from the DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. According to the central dogma, what crucial step occurs in translation? - ✔✔DNA is copied to RNA in the cell nucleus What is a unique property of retroviruses that makes them highly adaptive and potentially very devestating - ✔✔Retroviruses use RNA as their genetic material.
What would happen if DNA and RNA didn't operate according to principles of directionality. - ✔✔RNA and DNA would not be read in the proper order and would code for different proteins, with devastating consequences. Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell-cell interaction and __________ are the four crucial steps all cells in a multicellular organism must undergo - ✔✔cell movement. Cell specialization is important because - ✔✔tissues in the body have cells that perform certain functions to contribute to the organism's overall wellbeing. Scientist are interested in stem cells because - ✔✔stem cells can eventually be used to replenish cells in the human body that have been lost to disease. Which of the following theories advanced by Watson and Crick explains how DNA replicates? - ✔✔Semiconservative Semiconservative DNA replication results in two DNA molecules with the following compsition - ✔✔two double helix DNA molecules, each containing on parent strand and one newly synthesized strand. Okazaki fragments result during DNA replication and must be glued together using - ✔✔ligase The way in which prokaryotic cells undergo cell division is termed - ✔✔binary fission The molecule that shuttles the messenger RNA from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm in eukaryotes is called - ✔✔tRNA In Trisomy 21 an error during meiosis results in - ✔✔three copies of chromosome 21, leading to developmental deficits. A silent mutation changes a single nucleotide but doesn't change the overall - ✔✔amino acid sequence.
What was the most recent mass extinction event? - ✔✔The end-cretaceous extinction Which of the following groups is not monophyletic - ✔✔Protista Which species concept defines a species as "a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature"? - ✔✔The biologicalyspecies concept. a lineage (an ancestral-descendant sequence of populations) evolving separately from others and with its own unitary evolutionary roles and tendencies - ✔✔evolutionary species concept a group of organisms conforming to a common morphological plan, emphasizing the species as an essentially static, non-variable assemblage. - ✔✔Typological species concept The concept of a species as an irreducible group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits - ✔✔Phylogentetic species concept What is the term for taxon that doesn't contain the most recent ancestor but does contain all of its descendants? - ✔✔Polyphyletic descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group - ✔✔monophyletic descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, but not including all the descendant groups. - ✔✔paraphyletic Modern humans appeared during the pleistocene, which began 2.6 million years ago. In which period does the pleistocene epoch belong? - ✔✔Quaternary What is the concept that living things arose from nonliving things - ✔✔abiogenesis
proposes that earlier life forms may have used RNA alone for the storage of genetic material. - ✔✔RNA World the notion that when Earth was young, the oceans were filled with simple chemicals important for life. These would eventually self-assemble into simple living cells. - ✔✔Primordial Soup life exists throughout the Universe, distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, and planetoids, as well as by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms. - ✔✔panspermia which of the following is not a characteristic shared by all eukaryotes - ✔✔plastids obtained through endosymbiosis with cynobacteria. Which of the following hypotheses suggests that viruses evolved from RNA, DNA or self replicating genetic material that acquired the ability to leave their host cell? - ✔✔the progressive hypothesis Where can you find the circular genome of a bacterial cell? - ✔✔Nucleoid region. Which of the following is not a method of exchanging prokaryotic genetic material? - ✔✔binary fission Which group of protists is not part of the Archaeplatida? - ✔✔Brown Algae. How to saprobes obtain energy? - ✔✔be feeding on dead organic material Which is not a mode of asexual reproduction in a fungi? - ✔✔Conjugation What are the individual filaments comprising the mycelium, or vegetative body of a fungus - ✔✔Hyphae Which is not primarily adaption to life on land - ✔✔flowers
what is the adaptive value of repositioned foramen magnum, basin shaped pelvis, valgus angle at the knee and non opposable big toe? - ✔✔bipedal locamotion.
