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This lecture notes document provides an introduction to chemistry, its fundamental questions, and major historical developments. It covers the concept of matter, the atomic theory, and the scientific method. The document also discusses the states of matter and their classification, as well as the separation of mixtures and pure substances.
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science
anything that has mass and occupies space
~400 BC: Democritus proposed the concept of the “atom” ~300 BC: Aristotle developed 1
st comprehensive model of matter ~700 AD: Chinese alchemists invent gunpowder 1661: Robert Boyle proposed the concept of elements 1770-90: Lavoisier proposed the concept of compounds & the Law of Mass Conservation 1774: Priestly isolates oxygen 1797: Proust proposed the Law of Definite Proportions 1803: Dalton re-introduces the concept of the atom and establishes Dalton’s Laws 1869: Mendeleev creates the 1
st Periodic Table 1910: Rutherford proposes the “nuclear” model of the atom 1915: Bohr proposes a “planetary” model of the hydrogen atom 1920: Schroedinger publishes his wave equation for hydrogen 1969: Murray Gell-Mann proposes the theory of QCD (proposing the existence of quarks)
Discovery of subatomic particles:
1886: Proton (first observed by Eugene Goldstein) 1897: Electron (JJ Thompson) 1920: Proton (named by Ernest Rutherford) 1932: Neutron (James Chadwick)
Other Important Discoveries:
1896: Antoine Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity 1911: H. Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity in low temperature mercury 1947: William Shockley and colleagues invent the first transistor 1996: Cornell, Wieman, and Ketterle observe the 5th state of matter (the Bose-Einstein condensate) in the laboratory
Provides a Basis for
Further Experimentation
Tentative Explanation
of Certain Facts
Hypothesis
Considerable Evidence or Facts
Support It
Explanation of the
General Principles of Certain Phenomena
Theory
Simple Statement
of Natural Phenomena
No Exceptions
Under the Given
Conditions
Law
with mass that occupies space
particulate in nature
atoms
specific combinations of atoms called molecules
atoms but atoms cannot be further broken apart and still retain the properties of matter
phases)