Chapter 4:
The Social World
The First
Two Years
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Early Childhood Development: Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Milestones, Study notes of Developmental Psychology
A comprehensive overview of early childhood development, focusing on emotional, social, and cognitive milestones. It explores key concepts such as attachment, temperament, synchrony, and social referencing, highlighting their significance in shaping a child's development. The document also delves into various theories of child development, including psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and evolutionary perspectives. It concludes with a discussion on the importance of high-quality childcare and its impact on a child's well-being.
Typology: Study notes
2023/2024
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Chapter 4:
The Social World
The First
Two Years
1. Early Emotions
2. Toddlers’ Emotions
3. Temperament
4. Synchrony
5. Attachment
6. Social Referencing
7. Psychoanalytic Theories
8. Behavioral & Cognitive Theories
9. Caring for Baby
10. High Quality Child Care
Top Ten Topics
Emotional Development
Birth Distress; contentment
6 weeks Social smile
3 months Laughter; curiosity
4 months Full, responsive smiles
4–8 months Anger
9–14 months Fear of social events (strangers,
separation from caregiver)
12 months Fear of unexpected sights and sounds
18 months Self-awareness; pride; shame;
embarrassment
P. 113
Infant Emotions
Reactive pleasure
and pain to…..
Complex
patterns of
socio-emotional
awareness
Happiness
Sadness
Fear
Anger
Surprise & Disgust
Newborn: hurt, hungry, tired, frightened 2nd-6th week: Colic: immature digestion, reflux, or migraine 3+hrs/day, 3+days/wk, 3+wks
Reactive
Complex
Primary Emotions
Crying
Fear
(~ 9m) Response to people, things, or situations
Stranger Wariness Doesn’t smile at just any friendly face Cries/looks scared with unfamiliar people.
Separation Anxiety
Tears, dismay, or anger when caregiver leaves. Should fade by age 3.
Early Emotions
Emotional Development
Birth Distress; contentment
6 weeks Social smile
3 months Laughter; curiosity
4 months Full, responsive smiles
4–8 months Anger
9– months
Fear of social events (strangers, separation from caregiver)
12 months Fear of unexpected sights and sounds
18 months Self-awareness; pride; shame; embarrassment
From an emotional development standpoint, when is the most enjoyable time to babysit an infant?
Toddlers’ Emotions
Less frequent and more focused Louder and more discriminating
May begin to appear (^) Pride Shame Embarrassment Guilt
Anger
Laughing
Temper Tantrums Secondary Emotions
A person’s realization that he/she is
a distinct individual whose body, mind, & actions are separate from those of other people.
Self-awareness
Pg. 116
Temperament
Temperament
The inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, & self-regulation. p. 117
Style of approach
Consistency and stability
Temperament is genetic but Personality traits are learned
Neuroscientist found remarkable capacity for plastic changes that influence behavior outcomes throughout life. ● Positive emotions build ● Too much fear & stress makes the brain grow more slowly; fewer dendrites develop
Maltreated infants ● Develop abnormal responses to stress, anger, & other emotions. ● Show abnormal responses in the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, & prefrontal cortex; HAH=Limbic system
Temperament
Brain Development
Prefrontal cortex ● Area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control
Limbic system ● Parts of brain that interact to produce emotions, including amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. Many other parts of brain also are involved with emotions.
Amygdala
● Tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.
Do babies’
temperaments
change?
P. 119