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The early modern era (1350-1650) as a period of transition, focusing on the theme of 'search for new authorities.' this theme is characterized by individualism, the questioning of traditional authorities, and the pursuit of human potential. Various aspects of this theme, including the shift from collective to individual authority, the rise of humanism, the emergence of capitalism, the protestant reformation, and the scientific revolution.
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The Early Modern Era (1350-1650) as an Era of Transition
New Authorities” centering on individualism.
the individual, not the community, and (2) to develop man's earthly, human potential, not fit him for the afterlife
Questions
Search for New Authorities as a Motif
ß Shift from closed universe to infinite universe ß Questioning of orthodox Christian theology and acceptance of view that reality is ultimately mysterious and incomprehensible. ß Questioning of corporate religious experience and willingness to accept inner, mystical experience. ß Rejection of intermediate authorities such as Pope and Councils for Scripture and conscience as guides. ß Turning away from Gothic and medieval to classical models. ß Questioning of rank and class and turning to talent, education, determination, and cunning.
Search for New Authorities as a Motif
ß Questioning of “fair price” economy as taught by Church in favor of market economy. ß Questioning of “Divine Right of Kings” in favor of the battlefield, political intrigue, or will of the people. ß Rejection of medieval models of scholarship for original inquiry and experimentation. ß Rejection of other-worldliness for delight in earthly secular, pleasures and activities. ß Rejection of accepted geography of the world for voyages of exploration and discovery. ß Questioning of accepted technology for better tools and instruments (clocks, instruments of measure and lenses).
Search for New Authorities as a Motif
ßMan as a human being important in his own right. ß Ideal of Renaissance Universal Man. ßLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Search for New Authorities as a Motif
ß Giovanni, Count Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494). Oration on the Dignity of Man
Search for New Authorities as a Motif
ß Luther said each person was his own priest. Emphasized Bible study. ßJohn Calvin stressed individual in doctrine of elect. The elect held eminent positions because of individual merit.
Questions
Search for New Authorities as a Motif
ß Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). Sought to fuse the voices of the fugue into one whole. Art of the Fugue.
ßNicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) ßGalileo Galilei (1564-1642) ßJohannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Search for New Authorities as a Motif
ß Rene Descartes (1596-1650) ß Isaac Newton (1642-1727) ß Francis Bacon (1561-1626). Knowledge is power.
Search for New Authorities as a Motif
ß Absolute monarchy of Louis XIV of France. ß British and American models.
