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FRHD 3400 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED NEWEST!!
In therapy, there are disconnects between 3 areas. What are they? - ANSWER Feelings, thoughts and behaviours
What is a natural interviewing style? - ANSWER Your spontaneous way of working with others to help them achieve their goal
To be an authentic communicator, we have to incorporate _____ ________________ into the client-therapy relationship - ANSWER Our personality List some examples of irrational thinking - ANSWER - overgeneralization: generalizing isolated event to others
- catastrophizing: exaggerating mistakes/negative situations and minimizing successes
- fortune telling: treating beliefs about the future as though they were actualities
Person-centered theory
- Carl Rogers
- raised on a farm, father used scientific method
- parent were very strict and religious
- attended a theological seminar-dedicated to enter a field with more freedom of thought
- contributed to the therapy world, group therapy
- focused on parenting methods, and parental control
Basic assumption: person-centered theory
- humanistic view shifted away from the medical model
- holistic
- phenomenological
- health if given a choice
- born good, with the desire for self-actualization
Actualizing tendency
- Aims to develop all capacities in ways that maintain or enhance the organism and move toward autonomy
- can be suppressed, but never destroyed
- encompasses all motivations
What are the 5 steps in the microskills approach? - ANSWER 1. Define the skill, features, and purpose
- Observe the skill in action
- Learn the skill and its implications
- Practice the skill in role-play
- Plan for generalization
Words of Caution!
- Listen first, solve __________ later
- Avoid __________ solutions
- Avoid jumping to the _________ response too soon
- Adapt your style to suit __________ individuals - ANSWER Problems; perfect; right; different
List some characteristics of interviewing and where you may see it - ANSWER - short term
Is the outcome of the treatment determined by the approach used? - ANSWER No
What are the 4 factors that influence outcomes? - ANSWER - extra-therapeutic factors (environment)
- common factors
- expectancy and hope factors (placebo)
- model and technique factors
What is the basic common structure? - ANSWER - relationship
- story and strengths
- goals
- re-story (eliciting change)
- action (doing something - can build on the relationship)
**CYCLIC
Define each therapy BRIEFLY:
- person centred
- solution focused
- CBT
- systems
- narrative - ANSWER - Person-centered: unconditional positive regard to elicit change
- Solution-focused: focus on solution rather than problem (no focus on history)
- CBT: challenge cognitions and behaviours - replace bad thoughts
- Systems: examine whole system rather than the individual
- Narrative: meaning through stories, create alternative stories - live the alternative?
What is intentionality? - ANSWER Acting with a sense of capability. Choosing from a ranger of alternative actions, thoughts, and behaviours in responding to changing life situations
What is intentional competence? - ANSWER Integrating your natural style, self-understanding, and artistic abilities with the somewhat predictable client responses from your use of the microskills, enabling you to flex and change direction in order to be with your client in new ways, required for their development
What is an example of intentional competence? - ANSWER When Dr. K worked with a client who had prostate cancer which lead to many relationship with women. Rather than her referring the man to a male therapist, they worked through his issues and fears of working with a female, building an alliance
What is the RESPECTFUL model? - ANSWER R - religion E - economic background S - sexual identity P - personal style E - ethnic/racial identity C - chronological challenges T - trauma F - family background U - unique physical characteristics L - location of residence/language
What is cultural intentionality? - ANSWER Assessing client cultural backgrounds and flexing microskill application to achieve specific results
Describe an open question - ANSWER -opens an interview
What is societal interest? - ANSWER Respecting the need to be responsible to society
What should informed consent include? - ANSWER - purpose and nature of activity
- mutual responsibilities
- confidentiality protections and limitations
- likely benefits and risks
- alternatives
- likely consequences of non-action
- option to withdraw/refuse
- period of time for consent how to withdraw consent Relative confidentiality- ANSWER -information shared with supervisors and colleagues within the service/class
- Information can be disclosed if this is legally necessary What are 3 exceptions to confidentiality?- ANSWER 1. When disclosure is necessary to prevent clear and present danger to the client or others
- When legal requirements dictate that confidential material must be disclosed
- When a child is in need of protection
Define self-determination - ANSWER Clients have a right to autonomy and freedom of choice to make their own decisions
The right to _________, health, ____-___________, and necessities of life take precedence over rights to __________________ - ANSWER Life; well-being; confidentiality
People's rights to self-determination takes precedence over another's right to ___________, or freedom - ANSWER Privacy
A person's right ti well-being may ____________ laws - ANSWER Override
What is a dual relationship? What does it lead to? - ANSWER Where there is both a counselling relationship and another type of relationship. To power imbalance and loss of counsellor objectivity
What is the "power flower"? Where is it commonly used? - ANSWER A tool that helps us become aware of and reflect on issues of diversity. It is used in anti-oppression and anti-racist work
- inside the circle are listed qualities, characteristics, or social locations
- outside petals are dominant social identities, privilege, etc.
- inside petals is personal social identity
Privilege what is it? - ANSWER Power given to people through cultural assumptions and stereotypes
Positive psychology is? - ANSWER Scientific study of strengths and virtues that enables individuals and communities to thrive. Builds on clients abilities and allows them to thrive
What trend is underway in psychology? - ANSWER Well-being is more than just an absence of disease-it includes optimal functioning and positive feelings and behaviors such as happiness and meaningfulness
What is physical health related to psychology?- ANSWER - symptoms of depression among older men and women have been proven to be treated by exercise therapy
- Aerobic and anaerobic exercise boost quality of life in cancer patients
what are the parts of the indivisible self? - ANSWER - coping
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? - ANSWER
What are some things to remember when working with children? - ANSWER - provide a warm, caring environment
- non verbal communication is important
- have empathy
What is empathy? - ANSWER Understanding and communicating the emotional perspective of another person
- must come from a position of compassion and caring
What are some responses to empathy? - ANSWER - decrease in hurt
- increased understanding
- increased trust and rapport
- anger at counsellor
- embarrassment
What are the 3 types of empathy? Describe each - ANSWER Basic (interchangeable) empathy - reflect back exactly what client has said Additive empathy - response adds something beyond what client has said Subtractive empathy -distorts what client has said or responds with less than what client says
Clients are more likely to share feelings if you. - ANSWER Respond to them
Why should you display empathic responding early? - ANSWER To build alliance
What are cutoffs? - ANSWER Phrases that inhibit further expression of feeling
- therapist silence after emotional expression
What are blank responses? - ANSWER Content less, mimicking
What is sympathy? - ANSWER Sympathy is the counsellor's personal response
What is tough empathy? - ANSWER The client is testing your patience
- does this client remind me of someone else? (ex. Dr. K in session with a child pornographer)
Why respond with empathy? (4) - ANSWER - way for you to understand client
- instrumental to helping relationship
- clients feel valued and understood
- our empathy makes them face their feelings and those of the people that they hurt
What is wrong if you end a session early? - ANSWER Can be traumatic for the client
What are the 6 components of active listening? - ANSWER Silence, asking questions, paraphrasing, empathy, summarizing, attending
Describe the basics of listening with regards to the VVVB - ANSWER Visuals - look at client, notice their eye contact Vocals - tone and speech rate, where is their emphasis? Verbals - stay on topic, attention to client Body language - attentive and authentic
When should eye contact not be forced? - ANSWER When the topic is distressing
What assumptions do the solution-focused approach make? - ANSWER - people are unique and inherently strong
- people are basically good, capable of rational thinking
- nothing is entirely bad
- you can't change people, people have to change themselves
- small change leads to bigger change
What do basic questions look like? - ANSWER - point towards the future
- where they want to go, etc.
- how do they cope
Explain questions about exceptions - ANSWER Times when the client is free of the problem
- looking for strengths and resources that they may have to move forward
Explain the miracle question - ANSWER Imagining how things would be different if the problem were resolved
- key to the treatment goal
- "If the problem you have right now was gond, how would you know things are ok?"
- "What would you be doing differently?"
Explain scaling questions - ANSWER Identify experience in more concrete terms
- "On a scale of 1-10.
- 1 = problem is fully resolved
- quick way to get a gage on where they think they are
What is a well-formed goal? - ANSWER - personally relevant
- interactional
- situational
- desirable behaviours
- concrete and measurable
- realistic and challenging
What are the stages of solution building? - ANSWER 1. Describe the problem
- How can we be helpful to you?
- Develop well-formed goals
- What would be diff if problem solved?
- Look for exceptions
- How did they make that happen?
- End of session feedback
- Messages for client (compliments, suggestions)
- Assess client progress
When is a solution focused approach unsuitable? - ANSWER When you would need to investigate the issues and history surrounding a problem
What are the similarities and differences between person-centered and solution-focused therapy? - ANSWER PERSON CENTERED
- positive about capabilities of client
- client as expert
- dysfunction arises from unmet needs
- unconditional positive regard facilitates change SOLUTION FOCUSED
Describe "what", "could", "how", and "why" questions - ANSWER What questions - facts Could/would questions - open How questions - process and feelings Why questions - reasons
What are some problems with questions? - ANSWER - too many questions (shifts power to interviewer and can make client defensive)
- multiple questions can confuse the client statement questions only sells your point of view why questions lack empathy, cause discomfort and can promote distrust
What is the GROW model? - ANSWER G - gap between now and your version R - strengths and key challenge O - strategies and confidence W - ready and committed?
Describe encouraging - ANSWER - prompts clients to continue talking short verbal statements non-verbal gestures
What is paraphrasing? - ANSWER - rewording of what client has said
- enables client to investigate problem in a less confronting and directive manner
- is offered without judgment and without an attempt to find solution Clarifying the essence of what has been said
What are the 2 purposes of paraphrasing? - ANSWER - confirms that counsellor is
listening and understanding
- provides client with opportunity to correct inaccuracies
List some possible ways to lead into a paraphrase - ANSWER - "As I understand it."
- "In other words."
- "It seems as if."
What is summarizing? - ANSWER - confirms understanding and checks assumptions
- organizes complex data
- separates relevant from irrelevant by focusing interview on certain themes
- integrate thoughts, emotions, and behaviours
What is the difference between a summary and a paraphrase? - ANSWER A summary is looking over a longer term and highlighting the big themes
What are some ways to know that your summary is incorrect? - ANSWER The client:
- moves away
- looks away
- hesitates
- tells you its wrong
- lukewarm response
What is the LIVE acronym? - ANSWER L - listen (verbal and nonverbal) I - identify (make sense of what is important to the client) V - verbalize (your understanding, use client words) E - evaluation (is the summary correct?)
General social conversation usually _________ feelings - ANSWER Ignores
What is a learned emotion? - ANSWER Shame
How do you begin a reflection of feeling? - ANSWER With a self-reflection
- are you comfortable with emotional expression?
- be aware of how you are feeling and your client
What should your reflection of feeling sound like? - ANSWER - soft voice, leaning forward
- congruent facial expression
- reflect intensity
List the 3 steps in reflection of feeling - ANSWER 1. Observe the feeling
- Name the feeling
- Repeat to the client
What technique do we use for reflecting feeling? - ANSWER 1. Choose a sentence stem
- Pinpoint feeling
- Brief statement of context
- Appropriate tense
- Check for accuracy
Which step is optional? - ANSWER Choosing a sentence stem
Describe what happens in step 2: pinpointing and labeling feelings - ANSWER - use
accurate feeling words
- use more than one feeling word with mixed emotions
- precision and accuracy are key when you name feelings
- check out is important "Is that close to what you're feeling?"
Step 3 - brief statement of context - ANSWER - expand with statement of context
- add context to reflection of feeling with words such as "about", "when", and "because" "You feel sad/mad/glad because."
Step 4 - use appropriate tense - ANSWER - match the tense of client story
- reflections in present tense are most powerful you felt, you feel, you think you will feel "Here and now you are really mad/sad/glad because."
Describe step 5: checking for accuracy - ANSWER - ask for feedback on the accuracy and usefulness of your paraphrase
- accuracy is particularly helpful when feelings are unspoken "You seem angry today - am I hearing you correctly?"
What is the basic listening sequence? - ANSWER 1. Facts and Thoughts
- what
- encouragers
- paraphrases
- Central Emotions and Feelings
- questions
- reflect feeling
