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FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
Primary,subject,,ANS,- ,single,object;,close,up,photograph,of,evidence;,small,area,of,crime,scene;,midrange,photo,showing,relati ve,distance,between,an,evidence,item,and,fixed,object;,is,evidence,,fixed,object,and,distance,between,th em Primary,subject,with,large,area,,ANS,- ,multiple,items;,overall,photo,to,show,crime,scene,in,relation,to,area,immediately,around,it;,helps,acclima te,others,to,general,surroundings,of,the,scene;,select,few,objects,to,help,the,viewer,understand,relations hips Composition,,ANS,- ,intentional,choosing,of,image,elements;,deliberate,,purposeful,composition,is,necessary,for,all,crime,sce nes Four,composition,issues,,ANS,-,1.,determine,primary,subject,and,composition,that,best,captures,it 2.,determine,proper,exposure 3.,select,optimal,focusing,technique, 4.,determine,optimal,lighting,to,use Cardinal,rule, 1 ,,ANS,-,fill,the,frame cardinal,rule, 2 ,,ANS,-,maximize,depth,of,field cardinal,rule, 3 ,,ANS,-,keep,the,film,plane,parallel fill,the,frame,,ANS,- ,same,for,single,item,or,area,of,scene;,put,as,many,of,sensor's,digital,pixels,as,possible,over,primary,subjec t;,get,closer,to,eliminate,unwanted,areas
midrange,photos,,ANS,-,don't,include,too,much,space;,focus,in,as,much,as,possible large,areas,,ANS,-,show,the,distance,between,the,gun,and,fixed,object,in,scene object,sizes,,ANS,- ,if,primary,subject,is,longer,than,it,is,wide,,use,appropriate,horizontal,or,vertical,viewpoint;,if,longer,from, near,to,far,,use,vertical;,don't,get,so,close,that,edges,of,primary,subject,are,cut,off,in,print in,the,background,,ANS,- ,its,assumed,that,if,its,included,,you,wanted,it,there;,circle,around,primary,subject,until,background,has,fe wer,or,no,distracting,elements;,tilt,camera,down,more in,the,foreground,,ANS,- ,its,assumed,that,if,its,included,,you,wanted,it,there;,circle,around,primary,subject,until,background,has,fe wer,or,no,distracting,elements;,tilt,camera,up,more areas,left,to,right,,ANS,- ,it,is,assumed,that,if,it's,included,,it's,because,you,wanted,it,there;,Use,the,same,considerations,as,for,the, background,&,foreground;,if,you,want,it,,include,it.,If,not,,eliminate,it,somehow;,Fill,the,frame,with,the,su bject shadow,control:,sunlight,,ANS,- ,avoid,having,shadows;,if,its,impossible,,and,scene,and,object,allow,,reposition,so,your,shadow,completel y,covers,photographed,areas;,try,to,have,entire,scene,shadow-free,or,completely,covered,in,shadow shadow,control:,electronic,flash,,ANS,- ,Hold,yourself,responsible,for,this,shadow,,even,if,you,couldn't,see,it,when,the,photograph,was,taken;,Yo u,should,begin,to,"pre,visualize",your,flash,shadows;,Change,the,position,of,the,flash,head,to,minimize,or, control,shadows;,Use,a,detachable,flash,head,to,better,control,where,the,shadows,are hard,shadows,,ANS,- ,very,dark,shadows,that,hide,detail,beneath,it;,sometimes,it,doesn't,matter,when,it,falls,outside,of,eviden ce,nothing,is,covered;,sometimes,it,does,matter,when,it,falls,within,evidence,(shoe,or,tire,print)
a,with,macro,lenses;,put,camera,at,its,closest,focusing,position,by,rotating,the,lens',focus,ring,to,shortest, distance;,set,up,camera,at,distance,where,object,is,in,focus Keep,the,Film,Plane,Parallel,,ANS,-,keep,front,of,lens,parallel,to,subject overall,photo,,ANS,-,shows,larger,view,of,an,area,,relationships,between,multiple,items midrange,photo,,ANS,- ,shows,smaller,view,of,an,area,,relationship,between,few,items;,arrange,subject,and,fixed,feature,so,that, both,are,same,distance,from,you;,film,plane,parallel,to,imaginary,line,connecting,the,two;,need,to,show,a ccurate,distances,between,objects;,diagonal,photos,make,this,impossible close-up,photo,,ANS,- ,shows,one,object,in,detail;,most,photos,will,include,a,scale;,allows,image,to,enlarged,to,actual,size,,or,zoo m,in,while,keeping,original,size,in,mind;,scale,must,be,on,same,plane,as,evidence;,film,plane,must,be,paral lel,to,evidence,and,scale Building,facades,,ANS,- ,diagonal,views,have,part,of,wall,closer,to,camera,and,part,away,from,the,camera;,everything,needs,to,be, the,same,size;,Diagonal,views,create,a,distance,issue,between,the,foreground,&,background;,Depth,of,fiel d,becomes,an,issue;,Diagonal,views,prevent,an,electronic,flash,from,equally,illuminating,the,entire,scene;, Part,will,appear,overexposed,,and,other,parts,underexposed Exception,to,cardinal,rule, 3 ,,ANS,- ,If,the,film,plane,is,parallel,to,a,window,or,mirror,,you,might,see,yourself,or,your,flash,as,a,reflection;,Neve r,include,yourself,or,your,equipment,in,your,photographs;,Use,a,slight,diagonal,viewpoint,so,you,won't,be ,seen;,If,you,are,using,an,electronic,flash,and,the,wall,is,very,reflective,,a,parallel,film,plane,will,create,a,bri ght,"hot,spot",on,the,wall;,Use,a,slightly,diagonal,viewpoint;,Use,a,detachable,flash,and,hold,it,far,from,th e,camera,&,diagonal,to,the,wall;,Use,bounce,flash;,You,may,not,be,able,to,stand,far,enough,away,to,maint ain,perspective,with,the,film,plane,parallel,to,the,wall;,Use,diagonal,viewpoints,when,there,is,no,alternati ve avoid,linear,viewpoints,,ANS,-,puts,photographer,and,both,objects,along,same,line Exposure,,ANS,-,how,much,light,is,in,the,picture;,appears,normal,or,as,we,expect,to,see,it
"stops",,ANS,- ,used,to,express,differences,in,exposure;,changing,stops,either,halves,or,doubles,overall,lighting,from,the, original,picture;,A+1,doubles,exposure',A- 1 ,halves,the,exposure;,properly,exposed,images,are,between,- 1 ,and,+ Variables,the,affect,exposure,,ANS,-,shutter,speed;,aperture,,ISO,,lighting Shutter,speed,,ANS,- ,located,inside,camera,body,in,SLR,cameras,just,in,front,of,digital,sensor;,image,viewed,through,viewfinde r,and,the,light,striking,the,sensor,both,come,from,single,lens;,light,coming,from,lens,is,reflected,by,mirrors ;,mirror,is,moved,to,take,photos Shutter,speed,pt., 2 ,,ANS,-,when,shutter,is,pressed,,it,opens,for,pre- determined,amount,of,time;,light,enters,lens,and,strikes,sensor;,indicated,by,whole,numbers,but,are,fract ions;,never,use,slower,than,1/ Shutter,speed,pt., 3 ,,ANS,- ,speeds,longer,than, 1 ,second,are,indicated,with,";,"B",(bulb),used,when,shutter,speeds,are,longer,than,th ose,on,camera,are,needed Aperture,,ANS,-,size,of,circular,opening Diaphragm,,ANS,-,set,of,blades,that,forms,circular,opening f/stop,,ANS,- ,fraction,relating,size,of,aperture,to,lens,focal,length',shown,as,whole,numbers,,but,represent,fractions;,la rger,f/stop,number=smaller,aperture ISO,,ANS,-,camera,film,is,rated,for,different,film,speeds;,changing,speed,also,results,in, 1 - stop,exposure,differences;,higher,number=more,sensitive,to,light,(ISO, 200 ,is,twice,as,sensitive,as,ISO,100) ;,lower,number=,more,light,is,needed,fro,good,exposure,(3200,ISO,good,for,outdoors,at,night)
indoors,,ANS,- ,most,light,bulbs,tungsten,light,creates,an,amber/yellowish,tint;,office,spaces,use,fluorescent,light,creates ,greenish,tint;,correct,with,electronic,flash Outdoors,,ANS,- ,streetlight,changes,perceived,colors,of,various,objects;,black,objects,appear,brown,,white,objects,depen d,on,light Digital,white,balance,,ANS,-,can,be,used,to,eliminate,blue,tints,on,cloudy,days when,in,doubt,,ANS,- ,underexpose;,cameras,cannot,capture,all,details,in,photos,that,contain,both,sun,lit,areas,and,deep,shado w,areas;,take,two,pictures,can,be,digitally,altered,to,highlight,both,areas;,underexposed,pictures,can,be,al tered,to,show,detail,,overexposed,cannot photographer,body,movement,,ANS,- ,hold,the,camera,securely,&,properly,to,limit,movement;,change,shutter,speed,to,help,eliminate,involunt ary,body,movement;,use,shutter,speed,that,is,closest,to,focal,length,of,lens,,inverted,into,a,fraction subject,motion,,ANS,-,•1/125th,will,"freeze",a,walker,,enabling,the,face,to,be,recognized. •1/250th,will,"freeze",a,jogger,,or,someone,jumping. •1/500th,will,"freeze",a,bicyclist,or,a,slow-moving,vehicle,(up,to,about, 30 ,mph). •1/1000th,will,"freeze",a,vehicle,going,up,to, 60 ,mph. •1/2000th,will,"freeze",an,airplane,powered,by,propellers Rain,&,Snow,,ANS,- ,faster,shutter,speeds,will,freeze,drops;,slower,shutter,speed=more,light;,use,lens,filter,to,prevent,overex posure;,polarizing,filters,eliminate,glare Most,crime,scenes,,ANS,-,should,be,captured,with,shutter,speed,1/60,and,either,f/22,,f/16,,f/11,,f/
Reflective,light,meter,,ANS,- ,measures,amount,of,light,being,reflected,into,camera;,a,"normal",scene,is,one,in,which,18%,of,light,is,refl ected,back Snowy,scenes,,ANS,-,reflect,more,light,than,normal;,results,in,underexposure Darker,scenes,,ANS,-,reflect,less,light,than,normal;,results,in,overexposure non-normal,scenes,,ANS,- ,predominantly,light,colored,or,dark,colored;,lots,of,sky,in,field,of,view;,backlit,scenes,or,have,both,bright,l ights,and,dark,shadows Predominantly,light,scenes,,ANS,-,manually,change,recommendations,set,by,meter;,open,aperture,1.5- 2 ,stops,wider,than,meter,recommended Predominantly,dark,scenes,,ANS,-,manually,change,recommendations,set,by,meter;,close,aperture,1.5- 2 ,stops,smaller,than,meter,recommended Large,amounts,of,sky,,ANS,- ,sky,reflects,more,light,than,normal,toward,camera;,think,outdoor,overall,photos,,sky,looks,normal,but,bu ilding,is,underexposed;,take,meter,reading,with,the,sky,not,in,view,&,use,those,settings Backlit/high,contrast,scenes,,ANS,- ,use,electronic,flash,to,fill,in,the,dark,areas,and,keep,proper,exposure,for,light,areas Proper,exposure,fir,tricky,scenes,,ANS,- ,Meter,the,camera,on,an,18%,gray,card,,use,those,settings;,The,card,must,be,in,the,same,conditions,as,the ,scene,(fully,sunny,,fully,shady,,etc.);,Some,photo,identifier,cards,are,also,18%,gray,cards;,Meter,the,came ra,on,green,grass;,It,also,reflects,about,18%,of,light;,Meter,the,camera,on,well- traveled,asphalt;,It,also,reflects,about,18%,of,light;,Meter,your,palm;,Reflects,about,36%,,regardless,of,rac e;,Open,up, 1 ,stop,to,avoid,overexposure Exposure,modes,,ANS,-,Manual,,program,,aperture,priority,,shutter,priority
•Shutter,speed,1/ •The,reciprocal,exposure,provides,better,depth,of,field •f/22,and,shutter,speed,of,1/ f/11,day,,ANS,-,•Bright,but,hazy,,shadows,are,indistinct,(soft,shadows) •Use,these,settings: •f/ •Convert,ISO,to,shutter,speed •ISO, 100 ,(still,good,for,bright,days) •Shutter,speed,1/ •The,reciprocal,exposure,provides,better,depth,of,field •f/16,and,shutter,speed,of,1/ f/8,day,,ANS,-,•Bright,and,cloudy,day,,no,shadows •Use,these,settings: •f/ •Convert,ISO,to,shutter,speed •ISO, 100 ,(still,good,for,bright,days) •Shutter,speed,1/ •The,reciprocal,exposure,provides,better,depth,of,field •f/11,and,shutter,speed,of,1/ f/5.6,day,,ANS,-,•Many,variations,of,the,f/8,cloudy,days,,sometimes,an,f/5.6,is,required •Sunny,day,where,the,sun,is,blocked,in,a,larger,area Polarizing,filter,,ANS,- ,•When,light,reflects,off,a,surface,,it,can,become,polarized,in,one,direction,and,shows,reflections •Polarizing,filters,eliminate,these,reflections,by,blocking/filtering,them •Rotate,the,lens,to,block,the,light
•If,not,totally,clear,,lean,to,one,side,,or move,closer/farther,away focal,length,,ANS,- ,the,distance,from,the,center,of,a,lens,to,the,focal,point;,tells,us,how,much,of,scene,will,be,captured,and,h ow,large,individual,elements,will,be;,longer,the,focal,length,,narrower,angle,of,view,and,higher,magnificat ion;,shorter,focal,length,,wider,the,angle,of,view,and,lower,the,magnification Focus,,ANS,-,entire,scene,,and,all,its,evidence,should,be,in,focus resolution,,ANS,- ,ability,of,camera,system,to,distinguish,alternating,line,pairs,as,they,get,thinner,and,closer,together Acutance,,ANS,- ,camera's,ability,to,render,sharp,edge,of,subject,as,sharp,edge,in,the,photograph;,clear,and,precise,distinc tion,between,edge,of,one,object,and,beginning,of,surface,that,its,on;,crisp,and,defined,edges sharpness/being,in,focus,,ANS,- ,light,enters,camera,and,converges,at,sharp,point,on,digital,sensor;,light,becomes,increasingly,smaller,circ le,until,it,converges,at,a,point;,light,rays,converging,before,or,after,digital,sensor,will,always,result,in,blurr y,image circles,of,confusion,,ANS,- ,if,light,is,a,circle,when,it,hits,digital,sensor,,it,will,remain,"confused",and,out,of,focus; Manual,focusing,,ANS,-,if,just,one,object,rotate,focus,ring;,film,plane,parallel,to,top,of,object,is,important Automatic,focusing,,ANS,- ,press,shutter,halfway,,can,change,main,object,in,viewfinder;,usually,reason,for,poor,crime,scene,photos Zoom,lenses,,ANS,-,wide- angle,lenses,can,cause,barrel,distortion;,straight,lines,at,sides,appear,bent,outwards;,can't,be,used,for,clo se,ups
Wide,angle,lens,,ANS,- ,focal,length<50mm;,optical,lens,center,is,closer,to,digital,sensor;,wider,field,of,view,,elongation,of,foregr ound,to,background,distances,,increased,DOF;,barrel,distortion Normal,,ANS,-,focal,length=50mm Telephoto,,ANS,- ,focal,length>50mm;,optical,lens,center,is,farther,from,digital,sensor;,good,magnification,,narrower,field,o f,view,,compression,of,foreground-to-background,distances,,narrower,DOF,range;,pincushion,distortion Macro,lenses,,ANS,-,magnify,small,objects,to,fill,frame;,1:1,or,1:2,magnification,ratio
