-Pierce p.364
-Popper p.373
-Kuhn p.379
-Appiah p.393
-Foucault p.401
-Shankara p.431
-Valadez p.447
-Borges p.453
PIERCE
- The Fixation of Belief difference between belief & doubt
oWhen we try to determine what is true, we tend to have this “irritation of doubt”
oWe satisfy this instability of belief by converging upon an opinion, removing the “irritation of
doubt” by forming fixed beliefs from which successful habits of action may have formed from
oThere are various methods of fixing beliefs:
1. Method of tenacity
- People ignore what they do not want to hear or feel that others’ opinions are more valid and feel less
confident in his belief
- To prevent influence of others’ opinions we would have to become “hermits”
- The problem with this method is how to fix beliefs within the community not only within each
individual
2. Method of Authority
- Society such as government proposes “truths” that adhere to their interests rather than the integrity of
logic
- For instance, practiced by Communists in which however they think is normal thinking
- This authority leads also to logical misjudgment
3. Method of A Priori
- This method is arrived by agreeable reason
- Is defined by Pierce “as one is inclined to think”
- This method is distinguished among the prior 2 methods for that this is considered to be more
intellectual; however, this method can also be inclined to judge each other wrong
- Therefore, this method, as well, is logically undependable
