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FIU Anatomy with Dr. Brinn – Exam 2 (2025/2026) | Questions and Correct Answers | Verified Solution Description: This document includes the full set of verified questions and correct answers for Exam 2 of the Anatomy course taught by Dr. Brinn at Florida International University (FIU) for the academic years 2025–2026. Topics covered range from skeletal and muscular systems, joint types and movements, muscle contraction processes, nervous system anatomy and function, to spinal cord structure and reflex pathways. The content is organized in Q&A format, making it ideal for thorough exam preparation and study reference. Keywords: anatomy exam 2 muscle contraction synovial joints nervous system spinal cord skeletal muscles sarcomere neuromuscular synapse joint types muscle movements peripheral nervous system reflex arc brain meninges FIU anatomy
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Joints connections between bones that may or may not allow movement Synarthrosis type of joint that is immovable Examples of Synarthrosis (fibrous)-cranial sutures (cartilaginous)- Epiphyseal cartilage(synchondrosis) Amphiarthrosis Type of joint that is slightly movable Example of Amphiarthrosis (Fibrous)-radius/ulna shafts (Cartilaginous)-pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs Diarthrosis (Synovial joints) Type of joint that is freely movable Example of Diarthrosis Limb joints Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Type of Diarthrosis joint on the end of the bone where it will come together with another bone Joint capsule type of diarthrosis joint that surrounds bone Has 2 layers: Avascular layer (outside) and synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid that fills up synovial cavity) Functions of Synovial Fluid
atlanto-axial joint and radioulnar joint Saddle joint Biaxial synovial joint where one bone is concave and other is convex Example of saddle joint joint btwn 1st metacarpal and trapezium Hinge Joint monaxial synovial joint where a rounded convex surface fits in concave surface Ellipsoid joint biaxial synovial joint where an oval surface fits into depression on opposing surface Example of hinge joint knee, elbow, ankle, inter-phalangeal joint Example of Ellipsoid joint metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsal phalangeal joint (2-5) Ball and socket joint triaxial, one surface is round, other is cupped Medial/tibial collateral lig. ligament that runs medially along femur and tibia, stabilizes knee joint, attached to medial meniscus Lateral/Collateral lig. ligament that runs laterally down femur and tibia, does not connect to meniscus
Main function of muscles create movement in the body Skeletal muscle exerts what on skeletal elements pulling force What does this pulling force from the skeletal muscle do? It can either stabilize a joint by preventing movement or create movement. Muscle belly contain the part of the muscle that contracts the skeletal muscle fibers Intermediate Tendon tendons between muscle bellies (abs) Aponeurosis sheet of tendon that connects muscle to muscle Cardiac muscle involuntary muscle that is found in heart and pumps blood through arteries and veins Smooth involuntary muscle that works to push fluids and solids through digestive tract All muscles share these properties
Sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds each myofibril Transverse or T-tubules wrap around parts of myofibril, communicate with sarcolemma of muscle fiber Myofilaments thick/thin filaments in sarcomere Actin thin myofilament that contain two strands Myosin thick myofilament, titin holds it in place Steps to muscle contraction
muscle force generated is sufficient to overcome resistance, muscle shortens when contracted (lifting weight) Eccentric Contraction muscle force generated is insufficient to overcome load on muscle, fibers lengthen as it contracts (slowly lowering weight) Isometric contraction muscle remains same length (holding in place) Prime Movers muscle action group where muscles are responsible for particular movements (biceps brachii) Antagonist muscle action group that extends forearm Synergists muscle action group that helps agonist and antagonist with particular action Buccinator compresses cheek (bubble in mouth), pushes food towards teeth Massetor involved in chewing/retraction of mandible, inserts on mandible Temporalis Origin is temporal bone, inserts on mandible, same function as temporalis Superior Oblique of eye rotates top of eye medially (intorsion) Stylohyoid important for swallowing, lifts hyoid/larynx during swallowing omohyoid attaches scapula to hyoid, pulls hyoid inferiorly sternohyoid depresses hyoid and larynx Sternocleidomastoid attaches sternum and clavicle to mastoid process
Intrinsic muscles on your superficial layer of back splenius capitis intrinsic muscles on your intermediate layer of back erector spinae group: spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis (responsible for extension at torso)
Deltoid originates on scapula, inserts on humerus
give support that neurons need to do their function properly What do Neuroglias do?
Neuroglandular neuron will synapse with gland what happens when a synapse occurs First there is an action potential coming from the axon, travels to terminal bouton, influx of Ca, Ca channels open, Ca enters terminal bouton, enters synaptic vesicles, synaptic vesicles to migrate to end, membrane fuses with terminal bouton membrane, neurotransmitters released outside Divergence when 1 neuron sends info to 2 neurons-these 2 then send to 6 Convergence when 4 neurons contact 1 neuron Serial Processing when 1 neuron sends info to one-this one will send to 1 parallel processing one neuron sends to 3-these 3 will send to 3 Reverberation 1 neuron sends info to 1 that can either send info to another or send back to first How do nerves regenerate A nerve is cut into a proximal and distal stump, Schwann cells in PNS form cords and will unite stumps, macrophages engulf the degerating axon and myelin, axon sends buds into network of schwann cells and start growing along cords of schwann cells, axon continues to grow into distal stump How far does the spinal cord extend foramen magnum to first lumbar vertebra Cervical enlargement enlargment on the spinal cord in the cervical region that will take info from pectoral girdle Conus Medullaris The end of the spinal cord which is right below lumbarsacral enlargement Filum Terminale extends from conus medullaris to coccygeal region, provides longitudinal support to spinal cord, The sensory nerves comes in on which root of the spinal cord? Dorsal
The motor nerve comes in on which root of spinal cord? ventral Mixed Spinal Nerve consists of what two fibers? Efferent and afferent Meningos provide protection, physical stability, and absorb shock
closer to body, not trunk