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FIU Anatomy with Dr. Brinn Exam 2 Latest
2025 /202 6 | Questions and Correct Answers
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Joints connections between bones that may or may not allow movement Synarthrosis type of joint that is immovable Examples of Synarthrosis (fibrous)-cranial sutures (cartilaginous)- Epiphyseal cartilage(synchondrosis) Amphiarthrosis Type of joint that is slightly movable Example of Amphiarthrosis (Fibrous)-radius/ulna shafts (Cartilaginous)-pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs Diarthrosis (Synovial joints) Type of joint that is freely movable Example of Diarthrosis Limb joints Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Type of Diarthrosis joint on the end of the bone where it will come together with another bone Joint capsule type of diarthrosis joint that surrounds bone Has 2 layers: Avascular layer (outside) and synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid that fills up synovial cavity) Functions of Synovial Fluid
- Lubricate 2 bones rubbing against each other
- Nourishes chondrocytes which keep articular cartilage alive
- Shock absorption Ligaments fibrous connective tissue that Attach bone to bone, support joints by limiting movement Tendons part of muscle that connect muscle to bone, skin, or muscle, create leverage to allow muscles to move, also limit movement 2 factors affecting mobility of a joint shape of articulating surfaces and types/quantity of accessory structures Joint movements in coronal plane abduction and adduction Joint movements in sagital plane flexion and extension Joint movements in transverse plane
atlanto-axial joint and radioulnar joint Saddle joint Biaxial synovial joint where one bone is concave and other is convex Example of saddle joint joint btwn 1st metacarpal and trapezium Hinge Joint monaxial synovial joint where a rounded convex surface fits in concave surface Ellipsoid joint biaxial synovial joint where an oval surface fits into depression on opposing surface Example of hinge joint knee, elbow, ankle, inter-phalangeal joint Example of Ellipsoid joint metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsal phalangeal joint (2-5) Ball and socket joint triaxial, one surface is round, other is cupped Medial/tibial collateral lig. ligament that runs medially along femur and tibia, stabilizes knee joint, attached to medial meniscus Lateral/Collateral lig. ligament that runs laterally down femur and tibia, does not connect to meniscus
Main function of muscles create movement in the body Skeletal muscle exerts what on skeletal elements pulling force What does this pulling force from the skeletal muscle do? It can either stabilize a joint by preventing movement or create movement. Muscle belly contain the part of the muscle that contracts the skeletal muscle fibers Intermediate Tendon tendons between muscle bellies (abs) Aponeurosis sheet of tendon that connects muscle to muscle Cardiac muscle involuntary muscle that is found in heart and pumps blood through arteries and veins Smooth involuntary muscle that works to push fluids and solids through digestive tract All muscles share these properties
- Extensibility- able to contract over several resting phases
- Elasticity- goes back to original length after contract
- Excitability- respond to stimuli
- Contractibility- able to shorten and exert pull
Sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds each myofibril Transverse or T-tubules wrap around parts of myofibril, communicate with sarcolemma of muscle fiber Myofilaments thick/thin filaments in sarcomere Actin thin myofilament that contain two strands Myosin thick myofilament, titin holds it in place Steps to muscle contraction
- motor neurons send electrical impulse to sarcolemma, t-tubules send this to the sarcoplasmic ret. which then sends out Ca ions
- Ca ions bind to troponin, tropomyosin moves, exposing active site
- Myosin heads bind to actin site (cross bridge)
- Myosin moves towards middle (contraction)
- ATP binds to myosin head, cross-bridging stops
- myosin heads return to normal state Parallel muscle have parallel muscle fassicles, majority of muscles in body are these convergent muscle form a broad end and come together to form a tendon on other end (Pectoralis muscle) Pennate muscles oblique angle of muscle fibers to tendon bi-pennate fibers run oblique on either side of tendon (rectus femoris) unipennate fibers run oblique on one side of tendon (extensor digitorum) Multipennate fibers run oblique on either side of multiple tendons (deltoid) Concentric Contraction
muscle force generated is sufficient to overcome resistance, muscle shortens when contracted (lifting weight) Eccentric Contraction muscle force generated is insufficient to overcome load on muscle, fibers lengthen as it contracts (slowly lowering weight) Isometric contraction muscle remains same length (holding in place) Prime Movers muscle action group where muscles are responsible for particular movements (biceps brachii) Antagonist muscle action group that extends forearm Synergists muscle action group that helps agonist and antagonist with particular action Buccinator compresses cheek (bubble in mouth), pushes food towards teeth Massetor involved in chewing/retraction of mandible, inserts on mandible Temporalis Origin is temporal bone, inserts on mandible, same function as temporalis Superior Oblique of eye rotates top of eye medially (intorsion) Stylohyoid important for swallowing, lifts hyoid/larynx during swallowing omohyoid attaches scapula to hyoid, pulls hyoid inferiorly sternohyoid depresses hyoid and larynx Sternocleidomastoid attaches sternum and clavicle to mastoid process
- has 2 heads (sternal and clavicular)
Intrinsic muscles on your superficial layer of back splenius capitis intrinsic muscles on your intermediate layer of back erector spinae group: spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis (responsible for extension at torso)
- longissimus and iliocostalis will rotate torso when both contracted
- help extend back to put into anatomical position Splenius capitis intrinsic muscle on back of neck that originates on vertabrae and inserts on occipital bone
- if both sides contract it will extend the neck
- if one side contracts, laterally flex to that side Psoas major an axial and appendicular muscle that attaches femur and lumbar vertebrae
- contracts to pull back into anatomical position with rectus abdominis iliacus axial and appendicular muscle in iliac fossa that attaches to femur Lateral flexion of the back involves what muscles? internal/external obliques and quadratus lumborum Rotation of back involves which muscles? iliocostalis, longissimus, internal/external oblique Trapezius
- extends from occipital bone to scapula and spine
- elevates scapula and clavicle
- retracts scapula
- wraps around anteriorly to clavicle Rhomboid minor/major
- origin on inferior part of spine, inserts on scapula
- retracts scapula Pectoralis minor
- pulls/depresses elevated scapula
- protracts a retracted scapula Serratus Anterior inserts on ribs, origin on axial skeleton
- protracts scapula
Deltoid originates on scapula, inserts on humerus
- abducts humerus Latissimus dorsi originates on verterbral column and inserts on medial part of humerus
- flex arm, adduct arm Pectoralis Major adducts/medially rotates arm Teres Major medially rotates arm Extensor Indicis Extends index finger Flexor/extensor Retinaculum dense fibrous tissue that covers the tendons of fingers, on wrist, holds everything in place Flexor/extensor tendon sheaths connective tissue that wraps around each fibrous tendon and reduces friction Adductor Magnus only adductor in thigh that will do all three: extend/flex/adduction Adductor Hiatus opening btwn 2 parts of adductor magnus that allows passage for femoral artery and veins When these 3 muscles work together they will cause dorsifelxion of the foot: tibialis anterior, extensor digiorum longus, extensor hallucis longus These two muscles come together to form the calcaneal tendon soleus and gastrocnemius Sustenacular Groove where the tendons of several muscles run through in order to pass from the leg into the plantar part of foot The nervous and Endocrine system both do this control/adjust activities of other systems such as what substances are released What is the difference between the Nervous and Endocrine System?
give support that neurons need to do their function properly What do Neuroglias do?
- provide framework for neural tissue
- maintain the intercellular environment
- act as phagocytes (we have about 100 billion neuroglia-5x more than neurons) 2 types of neurolgia PNS neuroglia and CNS neuroglia PNS Neuroglia have what cells Satellite and Schwann cells CNS neuroglia have what cells oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, epindymal cells Astrocytes CNS neuroglia
- largest/most numerous glial cell
- maintains blood-brain barrier
- creates 3D framework for CNS\
- repairs damaged neural tissue
- guides neuron dev.
- controls interstitial environment Oligodendrocytes CNS neuroglia
- produces myelin
- its cytoplasmic process (which is made of myelin) wraps around axon (MYELINATED AXON)
- they make sure that the info eceived by cell bodies of neurons will get passed on from one neuron to other Node of Ramvie gap in myelin sheath Multiple-scorosis disease where oligodendrocytes do not produce a sufficient amount of myelin Microglia CNS neuroglia smallest glial cell
- act as phagocytic cells by engulfing debris, waste, pathogens
- 5% of population Stem cells that produce microglia also produce what monocytes (these produce macrophages) Epenmdymal Cell CNS neuroglia
- present in ventricles of brain (ventricles are empty spaces where ependymal cells line)
- the alia in these cells help circulate CSF within spaces of Nervous System, helps secrete CSF Satellite Cell PNS neuroglia
- present in ganglions
- surround and support the neuronal cells present in ganglions
- help regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products that occur btwn neuronal cell bodies present in ganglion and extracellular fluid Schwann Cells
- produce myelin
- (MYELINATED AND UNMYELINATED AXON) Dendrites projections from cell body that activate when stimulus arrives at cell Axon long processes on neurons that conduct/transmit nerve impulse (runs away from body) terminal boutons where info is passed from one cell to another (synapse) Axon Hillock where axon will start, signals transmitted from dendrites will pass this point and not be able to return Nissle Staining stains organelles of cell body and used to detect neurons Anaxonis Neuron small, found in CNS-special senses bi-polar neuron several dendrites fuse to form one, branches play important role in sensory infor for special sense, UNMYELINATED AXON
Neuroglandular neuron will synapse with gland what happens when a synapse occurs First there is an action potential coming from the axon, travels to terminal bouton, influx of Ca, Ca channels open, Ca enters terminal bouton, enters synaptic vesicles, synaptic vesicles to migrate to end, membrane fuses with terminal bouton membrane, neurotransmitters released outside Divergence when 1 neuron sends info to 2 neurons-these 2 then send to 6 Convergence when 4 neurons contact 1 neuron Serial Processing when 1 neuron sends info to one-this one will send to 1 parallel processing one neuron sends to 3-these 3 will send to 3 Reverberation 1 neuron sends info to 1 that can either send info to another or send back to first How do nerves regenerate A nerve is cut into a proximal and distal stump, Schwann cells in PNS form cords and will unite stumps, macrophages engulf the degerating axon and myelin, axon sends buds into network of schwann cells and start growing along cords of schwann cells, axon continues to grow into distal stump How far does the spinal cord extend foramen magnum to first lumbar vertebra Cervical enlargement enlargment on the spinal cord in the cervical region that will take info from pectoral girdle Conus Medullaris The end of the spinal cord which is right below lumbarsacral enlargement Filum Terminale extends from conus medullaris to coccygeal region, provides longitudinal support to spinal cord, The sensory nerves comes in on which root of the spinal cord? Dorsal
The motor nerve comes in on which root of spinal cord? ventral Mixed Spinal Nerve consists of what two fibers? Efferent and afferent Meningos provide protection, physical stability, and absorb shock
- surround brain and spinal cord Dura Mater Outermost/toughest layer of meningos subdural space Space in meningos that is between dura and arachnoid mater arachnoid mater Middle layer in meningos, squished btwn dura and pia mater pia mater most internal layer of meningos that hugs the spinal cord and brain subarachnoid space space btwn pia and arachnoid mater
- contains CSF Denticulate Ligament extension of pia mater, connects pia mater to arachnoid mater and dura
- provides stability of spinal cord Plexes groups of nerces that get together after they branch off vertebral column Endoneurium each axon will be involved by this connective tissue Perineurium involves a collection of nerves, forms fassicle Epineurium involves groups of fassicle Anterior Gray Horn
closer to body, not trunk
- gives rise to median nerve and ulnar nerve
- formed by inferior trunk Posterior cord gives rise to your radial nerve and axillary nerve
- formed by all trunks Lateral cord
- gives rise to your musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve
- formed by superior and middle trunk Lumbosacral Plexus
- arise from lumbar and sacral segments of spinal cord
- supply pelvis and lower limb Sciatic Nerve Nerves come from L4-S3 to form this nerve
- this will branch to form tibial nerve Pudenal Nerve becomes fibular nerve later on common fibular nerve branches into deep and superficial nerve Reflex an immediate, involuntary motor response How does a reflex happen arrival of stimulus and activation of a receptor, activation of sensory neuron (dendrites receive info and it gets carried through Dorsal root ganglia to spinal cord), neuron in gray matter sends info to motor neuron which causes a response by effector, activation of motor neuron and response Monosynaptic reflex reflec arc consists of one sensory and one motor neuron Polysynaptic Reflex Interneurons connect to one or several motor neurons Stretch Reflex
- monosynaptic reflex
- when doctor hits your patellar ligament and your knee has an automatic response
- doctors to see if there is any damade in spinal cord L2-L
