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FIU Anatomy with Dr. Brinn Exam 1 Latest
2025 /202 6 | Questions and Correct Answers
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Tendon Tissue that connects muscle to bone Cells Basic building block of all living organisms Kidneys organ that gets rid of waste from blood Muscular System organ system that lets you move Artery blood vessel that pumps blood away from heart Liver Organ that gets rid of toxins from blood Organs in right Upper abdominopelvic quadrant Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, stomach, small/large intestine Organs in Left Upper Liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, large intestine
Organs in Right Lower Appendix, cecum, small intestine, ureter, reproductive organs Organs in Left Lower Large/small intestine, ureter, reproductive organs Four main elements in body Hydrogen, oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen Four main molecules in body Water, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates Two main body cavities Thoracic and Abdominal Linings in cavities Visceral and Parietal pericardium All living organisms share these vital properties Responsiveness, growth/differentiation, movement, reproduction, and metabolism Types of absorption respiration, excretion, and digestion Total number of organ systems in body 11 Types of Epithelial tissue Epithelia and glands
Exocrine glands epithelial glands that discharge their secretion onto an epithelial surface Columnar Mucous epithelium columnar shaped cells that secrete mucus (found in stomach to secrete in order to protect agaist digestive acid) Mixed Endocrine gland secretes more than one substance (submandibular gland secretes serous and mucus) 2 types of connective tissue proper Loose and dense CTP contains these extracellular fibers, ground substance, and fixed/wandering cells Epidermis the very top of your skin, 4 or 5 layers, stratified squamos stratum basale very bottom layer, closest to basal lamina, 1 layer thick. Contains: melanocytes, merkel cells, and stem cells stratum spinosum above stratum basale, 4 or 6 layers thick Contains: daughter cells from stratum basale that differentiate into keratinocytes melanocytes, and langerhan cells stratum granulosum
third cell layer up, 1 layer thick, last layer where cells are alive Contains: Keratinocytes which have kerato-hyalin and keratin-filaments stratum lucidum layer above granulosum if you are talking about thick skin, all cells are dead due to rich lipid substance secreted by kerato-hyalin, cells have no nucleus and are flat, they are then filled with kerato-filament stratum corneum last layer before you reach surface, 30 cell layers thick, cells are flat, no nucleus, dead epidermal ridges formed by the stratum basale when it contours with the dermal papilla in the dermis skin color depends on these blood supply, thickness of stratum corneum, and production of carotine and melanin Lighter skin will have this ratio 1 melanocyte : 20 stem cells Darker skin will have this ratio 1 melanocyte : 4 stem cells Dermis contains these two layers Papillary and Reticular Inner medula soft, flecible middle of the hair follicle outer cortex
Calcium Phosphate and Collagen fibers Calcium Phosphate makes bone hard/tough, converts to hydroxyappatite crystals, mineral component of bone that is important for homeostasis collagen fibers make bone stronger, not brittle, more flexible osteocyte inside bone matrix, provides nutrients, keeps tissue alive osteoblast builds bone, secretes osteoid, eventually becomes osteocytes osteoclast border releases enzymes that eat away bone Order of bone remodeling resting bone-resorption-reversal-matrix deposition-mineralization CA homeostasis-when calcium is too low parathyroid gland will secrete parathyroid hormone-stimulates osteoclasts-Ca in bones is released-Ca in kidneys, intestines and blood level increases-homeostasis CA homeostasis-when calcium is too high parathyroid gland releases calcitonin-osteoblasts come in-reduce Ca in kidneys (it is peed out)- Homeostasis Two types of bone
Compact (cortical) and spongy (tribecular) Compact Bone more dense, fewer spaces, outside of bone contains osteons, which contain llamelae, the space in center is called central canal osteocytes are in osteons and maintain llamelae and tissue canaliculi allows communication btwn cells Spongy full of spaces, arranged in struts that form branching networks (trabeculae) Metaphysis widened portion of diaphysis where bone is added when you are a child so you can grow taller Epiphyseal plate separates diaphysis and epiphysis, cartilage until you finish growing Articular cartilage on the ends of the epiphysis, where two epiphysis come together Types of Ossification (production of bone) Intramembraneous-develops clavicle, mandible, skull, face Endochondral- limbs, vertabrae, and hips Bone Types Flat, long, short, sesamoid, irregular, pneumatized
