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Social Theory Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

Definitions for various social theory terms and concepts, including meritocratic individualism, socialization, status, role, looking glass self, anecdotal evidence, deviance, sanction, anomie, conspicuous consumption, hawthorne effect, broken windows, zero tolerance, conformists, innovators, ritualists, retreatists, rebels, social construction of sex and gender, gender wage gap, the glass ceiling, weber's 'status groups', bourgeoisie, proletariat, alienation of labor, marx on religion, mcdonaldization, efficiency, predictability, calculability, substitution of nonhuman technology, control, pluralism theory, elite theory, state autonomy theory, and interlocking directorates.

Typology: Quizzes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 12/15/2011

lbehr1
lbehr1 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
meritocratic individualism
DEFINITION 1
success/failure is based on a persons merit (hard work/skills)
TERM 2
socialization
DEFINITION 2
process through which one learns how to act accordingly to
rules and expectations of a culture
TERM 3
ascribed status
DEFINITION 3
acquired at birth or taken on involuntarily later in life (ex:
male/female, senior citizen)
TERM 4
achieved status
DEFINITION 4
acquired through efforts or taken on voluntarily (ex: college
graduate, lawyer)
TERM 5
status
DEFINITION 5
any named social position that a person can occupy
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meritocratic individualism

success/failure is based on a persons merit (hard work/skills) TERM 2

socialization

DEFINITION 2 process through which one learns how to act accordingly to rules and expectations of a culture TERM 3

ascribed status

DEFINITION 3 acquired at birth or taken on involuntarily later in life (ex: male/female, senior citizen) TERM 4

achieved status

DEFINITION 4 acquired through efforts or taken on voluntarily (ex: college graduate, lawyer) TERM 5

status

DEFINITION 5 any named social position that a person can occupy

role

the set of expectations - rights, obligations, behaviors, or duties associated with a particular status TERM 7

looking glass self

DEFINITION 7 written by charles cooley in 1906* argued that people use verbal and nonverbal responses of other people to form a mosaic of themselves and their identity TERM 8

anecdotal evidence

DEFINITION 8 stories from personal experience; can be emotionally powerful, but may capture the larger truth TERM 9

deviance

DEFINITION 9 non-conformity (refusal) to a given set of socially accepted norms TERM 10

sanction

DEFINITION 10 (re)-action meant to ensure compliance (fulfillment) with social norms- basically a penalty

zero

tolerance

argues that, if minor offenses (broken windows, graffiti, littering) go unpunished, this sends a message to criminals that more serious crimes can be committed without fear of sanction TERM 17

conformists

DEFINITION 17 accept the socially encouraged goals and the non-deviant ways of achieving them TERM 18

innovators

DEFINITION 18 accept the socially encouraged goals BUT use deviant means to achieve them TERM 19

ritualists

DEFINITION 19 use non-deviant means but have lost sight of the end goal TERM 20

retreatists

DEFINITION 20 reject both the socially encouraged goals and the non- deviant ways to achieve them

rebels

reject both the socially encouraged goals and the non- deviant ways of achieving them but also wish to replace the existing social system TERM 22

social construction of

sex

DEFINITION 22 two options: male or femalethe male/female duality is a social construction that does not reflect the reality of people being born who dont fit into their category TERM 23

social construction of

gender

DEFINITION 23 by socializing girls and boys to act in a particular way (play with certain toys, dress in certain clothes) parents and other agents of socialization are constructing gender TERM 24

gender wage gap

DEFINITION 24 the difference in pay that men and women earnfor every dollar that men are paid, women are paid- 1970s: 62 cents- 2000: 76 cents- 2004: 80 cents TERM 25

the glass ceiling

DEFINITION 25 a limit on ho high women can advance on the corporate level.- the limit is invisible (glass)

mcdonaldization

process by which the principles behind the operation of fast food restaurants have come to influence other aspects of the social structure - family, politics, education, and law enforcementjust a different name for rationalization TERM 32

efficiency

DEFINITION 32 finding the best/optimum means to a given end TERM 33

predictability

DEFINITION 33 no surprises: Mcdonalds - one taste world wide" TERM 34

calculability

DEFINITION 34 quantity over quality - big mac not good mac" TERM 35

substitution of nonhuman technology

DEFINITION 35 self check out in grocery storesassembly line labortelevangelismred light and speeding camerasleaf blower

control

control over uncertainties and over other people TERM 37

pluralism theory

DEFINITION 37 power is dispersed among groups or classes of people TERM 38

elite theory

DEFINITION 38 government is dominated by elites, leaders of organizations, such as corporations TERM 39

state autonomy theory

DEFINITION 39 power is located in the government, which rules independently in the best interests of the nation TERM 40

interlocking directorates

DEFINITION 40 refers to the practice of members of corporate board of directors serving on the boards of multiple corporations