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Trajan
Trajan (; ; 18 September 53 - 9 August 117), was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD. Managed to defeat the Dacians and to turn the province into a productive part of the empire. These people remained under Roman rule from circa 100 to circa 275 B.C.E. and became thoroughly latinized, so much so that the Dacian culture and language diead out. TERM 2
Septimius Severus
DEFINITION 2 Septimius Severus (; 11 April 145 - 4 February 211), also known as Severus, was Roman Emperor from 193 to 211. Severus was born in Leptis Magna in the province of Africa.Severus was the first emperor of the troubled Severan dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of the Roman principate before the Crisis of the Third Century. TERM 3
Caracalla
DEFINITION 3 Caracalla (; 4 April 188 - 8 April 217),Caracalla born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later called Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus was Roman emperor from 198 to 217. The eldest son of Septimius Severus, he ruled jointly with his younger brother Geta until he murdered the latter in 211. Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious and unpleasant of emperors because of the massacres and persecutions he authorized and instigated throughout the Empire. TERM 4
Constitutio Antoniniana
DEFINITION 4 The Constitutio Antoniniana (also called the Edict of Caracalla) was an edict issued in 212 AD, by the Roman Emperor Caracalla.The law declared that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and all free women in Empire were given the same rights as Roman women were. TERM 5
Diocletian
DEFINITION 5 Instigated the longest and most systematic campaign against the Christians, who made up one-tenth of the population in the early fourth century from 303-311.
Constatine I
Continued Diocletion's attempts to ensure the production of essential goods and services as well as a collection of taxes. He imposed decrees tying people and their children to the same occupation in the same place. Moved capital to the site of old Greek colony Byzantium, renaming in Constantinople. TERM 7
Arianism
DEFINITION 7 Relative position of the three persons of the Trinity:God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Father and Son being equal is denied by Arius(256-336) a priest from Alexandria.Christ logically could not fully be God because he was not of a substance identical with God and, as a created being, was not coeternal with his creator. TERM 8
Council of Nicaea
DEFINITION 8 Found the Arian position of be a heresy-an opinion or doctrine contrary to the official teaching of the church-Christ was declared to be of the same substance as God TERM 9
Monophysitism
DEFINITION 9 Monophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning 'one, alone' and physis meaning 'nature'), or Monophysiticism, is the Christological position that Christ has only one nature, his humanity being absorbed by his Deity, as opposed to the Chalcedonian position which holds that Christ maintains two natures, one divine and one human. TERM 10
Julian the Apostate
DEFINITION 10 Flavius Claudius Iulianus, known also as Julianus, Julian, Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher (331/332 - 26 June 363, ), was Roman Emperor last of the Constantinian dynasty.
Justinian
Justinian I; , ; 483- 13 or 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.;Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus (, Phlbios Petros Sabbatios Ioustininos); AD 483 - 13 or 14 November 565, known in English as Justinian I or Justinian the Great, was the second member of the Justinian Dynasty (after his uncle, Justin I) and Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death. TERM 17
Theodora
DEFINITION 17 Theodora (Greek: ) (c. 500 June 28, 548), was empress of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the wife of Emperor Justinian I. TERM 18
Clovis I
DEFINITION 18 Of the Merovingian dynasty became ruler of one of the small Frankish Kingdoms, by the time of his death he had united the Franks into a single kingdom that stretched south to the Pyrenees. ;Clovis (c. 466511) (Ch-)Leuthwig (Ludwig, Louis) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs[1]. He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul (France). He was the son of Childeric I and Basina. In 481, when he was fifteen, he succeeded his father.[2] Clovis was not only a Frankish king, he was also a Roman official[3]. TERM 19
Merovingians
DEFINITION 19 The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin) largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the 5th century. TERM 20
Franks
DEFINITION 20 The Franks were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River.
Charles Martel
A brilliant general, he is considered to be a founding figure of the Middle Ages, often credited with a seminal role in the development of feudalism and knighthood, and laying the groundwork for the Carolingian Empire.[8][9] He was also the father of Pepin the Short and grandfather of Charlemagne.In 739 he was offered the title of Consul by the Pope, but he refused.[6] He is remembered for winning the Battle of Tours (also known as the Battle of Poitiers) in 732 TERM 22
Carolingians
DEFINITION 22 The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century. TERM 23
Donation of Pippin
DEFINITION 23 The "Donation of Pepin", the first in 754 CE, and second in 756 CE, provided a legal basis for the formal organizing of the Papal States, which inaugurated papal temporal rule over civil authorities. TERM 24
Pope Leo III
DEFINITION 24 Pope Saint Leo III (750 - June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor. TERM 25
Charlemagne
DEFINITION 25 The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I.Charlemagne ( meaning Charles the Great; (possibly (742-28) -January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe.
Hugh Capet
Successor of the Carolingian monarch, major accomplishment of the first four Capetian kings was there success at keeping the French crown within their own family and at slowly expanding their influence, largely through marriage alliances and the efficiency of royal courts. TERM 32
Capetians
DEFINITION 32 Successor of the Carolingian monarch, major accomplishment of the first four Capetian kings was there success at keeping the French crown within their own family and at slowly expanding their influence, largely through marriage alliances and the efficiency of royal courts. TERM 33
Otto I
DEFINITION 33 Otto I the Great (23 November 912 in Wallhausen - 7 May 973 in Memleben), son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan. TERM 34
Henry IV & Gregory
VII
DEFINITION 34 Under Henry IV the monarchy reached the height of its power but also experienced a major reverse. The disagreement between state and church culminated in Henry's begging the pope's forgiveness at Conossa in 1077. THe Investiture Controversy resulted in the loss of the monarchy's major sources of strength. TERM 35
Investiture
DEFINITION 35 Investiture, from the Latin is a rather general term for the formal installation of an incumbent
Iconoclasm
Iconoclasm is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives. TERM 37
Irene
DEFINITION 37 Best known woman who ruled in her own right as the Empress. She resisted attempts to overthrow her and her son and consolidated their power. In addition, she slowly worked to reverse the iconoclastic policies of her predecessors. TERM 38
Vladimir I of Kiev (d.1015)
DEFINITION 38 The most important ruler in the Kievan phase of Russian history. Learned political lessons dealing with Byzantines and consolidated his power in Kiev. Based his rule on the pagan religion and erected statues such as Perun (god of thunder) and Volos (god of wealth). Made peace with Volga Bulgars to the east and worked with the Byzantines against the Bulgarians in pursuit of his diplomatic and political goals. TERM 39
Reconquista
DEFINITION 39 The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest"; Arabic: ', "Recapturing") was a period of nearly 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking (and repopulating) the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Al-Andalus Province. TERM 40
Alexios I Komneneos (d.1118)
DEFINITION 40 Alexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus (, 1056
- 15 August 1118), was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and the founder of the Komnenian dynasty.
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III (1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216) was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death. Pope Innocent is notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions, although these measures were not uniformly successful. TERM 47
Latin Empire
DEFINITION 47 The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name: Imperium Romaniae, "Empire of Romania") is the name given by historians to the feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. TERM 48
Frederick II (Emperor)
d.
DEFINITION 48 Frederick II of Hohenstaufen ( 26 December 1194 - 13 December 1250) was Holy Roman Emperor (King of the Romans) from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from
- As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. TERM 49
(Saint) Louis IX d. 1270
DEFINITION 49 Louis IX (25 April 1214 - 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death.he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. TERM 50
Mamluks (Egypt)
DEFINITION 50 was a soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam.
Guilds
A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade. TERM 52
Abelard and Heloise
DEFINITION 52 Peter Abelard (1079 - April 21, 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. TERM 53
Scholasticism
DEFINITION 53 Scholasticism is derived from the Latin word scholasticus (Greek: ), which means "that [which] belongs to the school," and was a method of learning taught by the academics (scholastics, school people, or schoolmen) of medieval universities circa 1100-1500. Scholasticism refers to the attempt made by medieval Christians to reconcile ancient classical philosophy with the Christianity of medieval times.The synthesis of Greek Philosophy and medieval Christian Doctrine is the heart of scholasticism. TERM 54
William I the Conqueror d. 1087
DEFINITION 54 Duke of Normandy, crossed the English Channel with 5000 men and claimed the throne TERM 55
Domesday Book 1086
DEFINITION 55 The Domesday Book is the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, executed for William I of England, or William the Conqueror.
Edward I (of England) d. 1307
Edward I (17 June 1239 - 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of HenryIII, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English Barons. TERM 62
Inquisition
DEFINITION 62 The term Inquisition can apply to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics (or other offenders against canon law) within the justice-system of the Roman Catholic Church. TERM 63
Phillip IV the Fair d. 1314
DEFINITION 63 Philip IV of France (April-June 1268 - 29 November 1314), called the Fair (), son and successor of Philip III, reigned as King of France from 1285 until his death. TERM 64
Parliament
DEFINITION 64 A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom.
