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Understanding Electrolytes and Their Role in Biological Systems, Quizzes of Biology

Definitions and explanations of electrolytes, their functions, and their importance in maintaining voltages across cell membranes and carrying electrical impulses. It also covers the role of hydration shells, electrolyte anions and cations, and the relationship between ph and buffers. Additionally, it touches upon the structure of atoms, elements, and bonds, as well as the functions of proteins and lipids.

Typology: Quizzes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 05/05/2013

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TERM 1
What type of bond is formed between Na+
and Cl- in table salt?
DEFINITION 1
Ionic bond
TERM 2
How many covalent bonds can Nitrogen
have?
DEFINITION 2
3
TERM 3
Why are electrolytes
important?
DEFINITION 3
Because they are what your cells use to maintain voltages
across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses
across themselves and to other cells.
TERM 4
What happens when an ionic compound
dissolves in water?
DEFINITION 4
each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules in
what is called a hydration shell.
TERM 5
Inert Elements
DEFINITION 5
Have their outermost energy level fully occupied by
electrons. Once an atom achieves this, it is inactive.
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What type of bond is formed between Na+

and Cl- in table salt?

Ionic bond

TERM 2

How many covalent bonds can Nitrogen

have?

DEFINITION 2

TERM 3

Why are electrolytes

important?

DEFINITION 3

Because they are what your cells use to maintain voltages

across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses

across themselves and to other cells.

TERM 4

What happens when an ionic compound

dissolves in water?

DEFINITION 4

each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules in

what is called a hydration shell.

TERM 5

Inert Elements

DEFINITION 5

Have their outermost energy level fully occupied by

electrons. Once an atom achieves this, it is inactive.

Chemical Reactions

Change reactants into products while conserving matter.

TERM 7

Controlled

Experiment

DEFINITION 7

Experiment conducted under controlled, specific conditions.

TERM 8

Name four electrolyte anions:

DEFINITION 8

Chloride (Cl-)

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

phosphate (PO4-)

Sulfate (SO4-)

TERM 9

Heat of Vaporization

DEFINITION 9

Amount of heat required for 1g of a substance to be

convered from liquid to a gas.

TERM 10

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

DEFINITION 10

When both atoms are the same, they have the same

electronegativity.

Isotope

One of several atomic forms of an element, containing the

same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons,

therefore differing in atomic mass.

TERM 17

Hydrogen Ion Concentration

DEFINITION 17

measured by the pH scale.

TERM 18

Molecules

DEFINITION 18

consist of two or more covalently bonded atoms.

TERM 19

What makes up the remaining 4% of living

matter?

DEFINITION 19

Calcium

Phosphorus

Potassium

Sulfer

Sodium

Chlorine

Magnesium

TERM 20

Control Group

DEFINITION 20

Constant conditions, NO influence of the independent

variable, measure the dependent variable.

Ionic Bond

an attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

TERM 22

What are the electronegative partners in

living cells usually partnered in hydrogen

bonds?

DEFINITION 22

Oxygen or Nitrogen

TERM 23

Potential Energy

DEFINITION 23

The energy that matter has because of its location or

structure.

TERM 24

Dependent Variable

DEFINITION 24

The responding variable (effect)

TERM 25

Name four electrolyte cations:

DEFINITION 25

Sodium (Na+)

Potassium (K+)

Calcium (Ca2+)

Magnesium (Mg2+)

Atom

The smallest functional unit of an element.

TERM 32

Electron Shell

DEFINITION 32

An electrons state of potential energy

TERM 33

Electron Distribution in Shells:

DEFINITION 33

Determine the chemical behavior of an atom.

TERM 34

Radioactive isotope

DEFINITION 34

Decay spontaneously, giving off particles of energy.

TERM 35

Element

DEFINITION 35

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to

other substances by chemical reactions.

Atomic Mass

measured in Daltons, and is equal to the sum of protons and

neutrons.

TERM 37

What does an electronegativity difference of

greater than 2.0 indicate?

DEFINITION 37

Ionic Bond

TERM 38

What property of water gives it resistance to

temperature change?

DEFINITION 38

High Specific Heat

TERM 39

Valence

DEFINITION 39

The incomplete outer shell of an atom, that causes an atom

to be reactive.

TERM 40

Electronegativity

DEFINITION 40

The tendancy of an atom to attract electrons toward itself to

form a covalent bond due to number of protons in the

nucleus.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles, determine chemical behavior of

an atom.

TERM 47

How many covalent bonds can a Carbon

have?

DEFINITION 47

TERM 48

How are an atoms electron shells named?

DEFINITION 48

KLMO

TERM 49

What are the symbols for the elements that

make up 96% of living matter?

DEFINITION 49

O

C

H

N

TERM 50

How does the polarity of water make it

unique?

DEFINITION 50

Water molecules are attracted to eachother due to the

polarity of water because opposites attract. Negative regions

of one molecule are attracted to the positive regions of

another (forming a hydrogen bond)

Concentration

Concentration of a chemical solution refers the the amount of

solute that is dissolved in a solvent.

TERM 52

Solvent

DEFINITION 52

Dissolving agent of a solution

TERM 53

An ionic compound does not consist of:

DEFINITION 53

molecules

TERM 54

Qualitative Data

DEFINITION 54

Descriptions (observations) rather than measurements.

TERM 55

Vander Waals Interactions

DEFINITION 55

Occurs between transiently positive and negative regions of

molecules.

What do carbohydrates contain?

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

TERM 62

In what ratio do Carbohydrates contain

Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen?

DEFINITION 62

TERM 63

CH20 is the formula for:

DEFINITION 63

Carbohydrates

TERM 64

What is a monosacharride?

DEFINITION 64

Simple sugarExample: Glucose

TERM 65

What are the three types of sugars?

DEFINITION 65

Monosacharrides, disacharrides and polysacharrides

How are disacharrides formed?

Disacharrides are formed when a dehydration reaction joins

two monosaccharides.

TERM 67

What is the covalent bond between two

monosacharrides called?

DEFINITION 67

glycosidic linkage

TERM 68

What is a storage polysaccharide of plant

cells consisting entirely of glucose

monomers?

DEFINITION 68

Starch

TERM 69

What do plants store in surplus as granules

within chloroplasts?

DEFINITION 69

Starch

TERM 70

What is a storage polysacharride in animals?

DEFINITION 70

glycogen

What can't amylase digest and why?

Cellulose, because it can't hydrolyze the beta linkages

between glucose molecules. Because of this cellulose passes

through the human digestive system as an insoluble fiber.

Herbivores have a symbiotic relationship with the microbes

that have the ability to break down cellulose.

TERM 77

What is a structural polysaccharide found in

the exoskeleton of arthropods?

DEFINITION 77

Chitin

TERM 78

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

DEFINITION 78

Because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form

non-polar covalent bonds.

TERM 79

What are fats constructed of?

DEFINITION 79

Two types of smaller molecules: fatty acids and glycerol

TERM 80

What is a fatty acid made

of?

DEFINITION 80

A carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton.

How are fatty acids joined to

glycerol?

By ester linkage

TERM 82

What does the bonding of glycerol to fatty

acids do?

DEFINITION 82

It creates triglycerides

TERM 83

Saturated fatty

acids:

DEFINITION 83

Have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms possible and

no double bonds between carbon atoms

TERM 84

Unsaturated Fatty Acids:

DEFINITION 84

Have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, and

less hydrogen atoms.

TERM 85

What is the process of converting unsaturated

fats to saturated fats?

DEFINITION 85

Through the process of hydrogenation,hydrogen'sare added,

saturating unsaturated fats.

In what structure are two fatty acids and a

phosphate group attached to a glycerol?

Phospholipid

TERM 92

Describe the structure of a phospholipid, why

is it so unique?

DEFINITION 92

The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate

group and its attachments form a hydrophillic head.

TERM 93

What happens when phospholipids are added

to water?

DEFINITION 93

They self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails

pointing towards the interior, and the phosphate hydrophillic

head facing outwards.

TERM 94

What important cell organelle is the result of

the phospholipid bilayer?

DEFINITION 94

The cell membrane

TERM 95

What are three simple

lipids?

DEFINITION 95

They do not contain fatty acids linked by ester bonds. Simple

lipids include steroids, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.

What is a steroid, and what is the most

abundant steroid found in animals?

Steroids are simple lipids that contain the fused-ring system

commonly called the steroid nucleus. The most abundant

steroid in animals is cholesterol and many other steroids are

synthesized from it.

TERM 97

What accounts for 50% of the dry mass of

most cells?

DEFINITION 97

Proteins

TERM 98

Enzymatic proteins

DEFINITION 98

Function as selective acceleration of chemical reactions.

Example: Digestive enzymes. They catalyze the

hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules.

TERM 99

Defensive proteins

DEFINITION 99

The function of these proteins is to protect against

disease.

Example: Proteins known as antibodies inactivate and

help destroy viruses and bacteria.

TERM 100

Storage Proteins

DEFINITION 100

Function of storage proteins is to store amino acids.

Example: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source

of protein for baby mammals. Plants have storage

proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg

white, used as an amino acid source for the developing

embryo.