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What type of bond is formed between Na+
and Cl- in table salt?
Ionic bond
TERM 2
How many covalent bonds can Nitrogen
have?
DEFINITION 2
TERM 3
Why are electrolytes
important?
DEFINITION 3
Because they are what your cells use to maintain voltages
across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses
across themselves and to other cells.
TERM 4
What happens when an ionic compound
dissolves in water?
DEFINITION 4
each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules in
what is called a hydration shell.
TERM 5
Inert Elements
DEFINITION 5
Have their outermost energy level fully occupied by
electrons. Once an atom achieves this, it is inactive.
Chemical Reactions
Change reactants into products while conserving matter.
TERM 7
Controlled
Experiment
DEFINITION 7
Experiment conducted under controlled, specific conditions.
TERM 8
Name four electrolyte anions:
DEFINITION 8
Chloride (Cl-)
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
phosphate (PO4-)
Sulfate (SO4-)
TERM 9
Heat of Vaporization
DEFINITION 9
Amount of heat required for 1g of a substance to be
convered from liquid to a gas.
TERM 10
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
DEFINITION 10
When both atoms are the same, they have the same
electronegativity.
Isotope
One of several atomic forms of an element, containing the
same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons,
therefore differing in atomic mass.
TERM 17
Hydrogen Ion Concentration
DEFINITION 17
measured by the pH scale.
TERM 18
Molecules
DEFINITION 18
consist of two or more covalently bonded atoms.
TERM 19
What makes up the remaining 4% of living
matter?
DEFINITION 19
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfer
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
TERM 20
Control Group
DEFINITION 20
Constant conditions, NO influence of the independent
variable, measure the dependent variable.
Ionic Bond
an attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
TERM 22
What are the electronegative partners in
living cells usually partnered in hydrogen
bonds?
DEFINITION 22
Oxygen or Nitrogen
TERM 23
Potential Energy
DEFINITION 23
The energy that matter has because of its location or
structure.
TERM 24
Dependent Variable
DEFINITION 24
The responding variable (effect)
TERM 25
Name four electrolyte cations:
DEFINITION 25
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca2+)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
Atom
The smallest functional unit of an element.
TERM 32
Electron Shell
DEFINITION 32
An electrons state of potential energy
TERM 33
Electron Distribution in Shells:
DEFINITION 33
Determine the chemical behavior of an atom.
TERM 34
Radioactive isotope
DEFINITION 34
Decay spontaneously, giving off particles of energy.
TERM 35
Element
DEFINITION 35
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to
other substances by chemical reactions.
Atomic Mass
measured in Daltons, and is equal to the sum of protons and
neutrons.
TERM 37
What does an electronegativity difference of
greater than 2.0 indicate?
DEFINITION 37
Ionic Bond
TERM 38
What property of water gives it resistance to
temperature change?
DEFINITION 38
High Specific Heat
TERM 39
Valence
DEFINITION 39
The incomplete outer shell of an atom, that causes an atom
to be reactive.
TERM 40
Electronegativity
DEFINITION 40
The tendancy of an atom to attract electrons toward itself to
form a covalent bond due to number of protons in the
nucleus.
Electrons
Negatively charged particles, determine chemical behavior of
an atom.
TERM 47
How many covalent bonds can a Carbon
have?
DEFINITION 47
TERM 48
How are an atoms electron shells named?
DEFINITION 48
KLMO
TERM 49
What are the symbols for the elements that
make up 96% of living matter?
DEFINITION 49
O
C
H
N
TERM 50
How does the polarity of water make it
unique?
DEFINITION 50
Water molecules are attracted to eachother due to the
polarity of water because opposites attract. Negative regions
of one molecule are attracted to the positive regions of
another (forming a hydrogen bond)
Concentration
Concentration of a chemical solution refers the the amount of
solute that is dissolved in a solvent.
TERM 52
Solvent
DEFINITION 52
Dissolving agent of a solution
TERM 53
An ionic compound does not consist of:
DEFINITION 53
molecules
TERM 54
Qualitative Data
DEFINITION 54
Descriptions (observations) rather than measurements.
TERM 55
Vander Waals Interactions
DEFINITION 55
Occurs between transiently positive and negative regions of
molecules.
What do carbohydrates contain?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
TERM 62
In what ratio do Carbohydrates contain
Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen?
DEFINITION 62
TERM 63
CH20 is the formula for:
DEFINITION 63
Carbohydrates
TERM 64
What is a monosacharride?
DEFINITION 64
Simple sugarExample: Glucose
TERM 65
What are the three types of sugars?
DEFINITION 65
Monosacharrides, disacharrides and polysacharrides
How are disacharrides formed?
Disacharrides are formed when a dehydration reaction joins
two monosaccharides.
TERM 67
What is the covalent bond between two
monosacharrides called?
DEFINITION 67
glycosidic linkage
TERM 68
What is a storage polysaccharide of plant
cells consisting entirely of glucose
monomers?
DEFINITION 68
Starch
TERM 69
What do plants store in surplus as granules
within chloroplasts?
DEFINITION 69
Starch
TERM 70
What is a storage polysacharride in animals?
DEFINITION 70
glycogen
What can't amylase digest and why?
Cellulose, because it can't hydrolyze the beta linkages
between glucose molecules. Because of this cellulose passes
through the human digestive system as an insoluble fiber.
Herbivores have a symbiotic relationship with the microbes
that have the ability to break down cellulose.
TERM 77
What is a structural polysaccharide found in
the exoskeleton of arthropods?
DEFINITION 77
Chitin
TERM 78
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
DEFINITION 78
Because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form
non-polar covalent bonds.
TERM 79
What are fats constructed of?
DEFINITION 79
Two types of smaller molecules: fatty acids and glycerol
TERM 80
What is a fatty acid made
of?
DEFINITION 80
A carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton.
How are fatty acids joined to
glycerol?
By ester linkage
TERM 82
What does the bonding of glycerol to fatty
acids do?
DEFINITION 82
It creates triglycerides
TERM 83
Saturated fatty
acids:
DEFINITION 83
Have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms possible and
no double bonds between carbon atoms
TERM 84
Unsaturated Fatty Acids:
DEFINITION 84
Have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, and
less hydrogen atoms.
TERM 85
What is the process of converting unsaturated
fats to saturated fats?
DEFINITION 85
Through the process of hydrogenation,hydrogen'sare added,
saturating unsaturated fats.
In what structure are two fatty acids and a
phosphate group attached to a glycerol?
Phospholipid
TERM 92
Describe the structure of a phospholipid, why
is it so unique?
DEFINITION 92
The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate
group and its attachments form a hydrophillic head.
TERM 93
What happens when phospholipids are added
to water?
DEFINITION 93
They self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails
pointing towards the interior, and the phosphate hydrophillic
head facing outwards.
TERM 94
What important cell organelle is the result of
the phospholipid bilayer?
DEFINITION 94
The cell membrane
TERM 95
What are three simple
lipids?
DEFINITION 95
They do not contain fatty acids linked by ester bonds. Simple
lipids include steroids, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
What is a steroid, and what is the most
abundant steroid found in animals?
Steroids are simple lipids that contain the fused-ring system
commonly called the steroid nucleus. The most abundant
steroid in animals is cholesterol and many other steroids are
synthesized from it.
TERM 97
What accounts for 50% of the dry mass of
most cells?
DEFINITION 97
Proteins
TERM 98
Enzymatic proteins
DEFINITION 98
Function as selective acceleration of chemical reactions.
Example: Digestive enzymes. They catalyze the
hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules.
TERM 99
Defensive proteins
DEFINITION 99
The function of these proteins is to protect against
disease.
Example: Proteins known as antibodies inactivate and
help destroy viruses and bacteria.
TERM 100
Storage Proteins
DEFINITION 100
Function of storage proteins is to store amino acids.
Example: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source
of protein for baby mammals. Plants have storage
proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg
white, used as an amino acid source for the developing
embryo.
