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Download Biology of Development and Metamorphosis: From Fertilization to Endocrine Systems and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form
between individuals of different sex in the same species. diff.
color, size, specialized fins, location, structure, keratin on
face.. advantage of large female to small male? more babies
TERM 2
parental investment
DEFINITION 2
In evolutionary biology, parental investment (PI) is any
parental expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one
offspring at a cost to parents' ability to invest in other
components of fitness
TERM 3
R-strategist
DEFINITION 3
produces lots of offspring with little parental care (frogs
spawning)
TERM 4
K-Strategist
DEFINITION 4
more parental care, fewer offspring. mammals, etc.
TERM 5
plasticity
DEFINITION 5
phenotype depends on environment: tadpole - warm
environment, quicker development
canalization
development is consistent across environments; genotype
always -> phenotype, same egg diff. temps same
develoment
TERM 7
Gametogenesis
DEFINITION 7
Gametogenesis is a process by which diploid or haploid
precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to
form mature haploid gametes.
TERM 8
Spermatogenesis
DEFINITION 8
Spermatogenesis is the process by which male
spermatogonia develop into mature spermatozoa, also
known as a sperm cell. 1 cell -> 4
TERM 9
Ogenesis
DEFINITION 9
1 cell - 1 egg
TERM 10
fertilization
DEFINITION 10
initial stage - haploid sperm and egg form diplod zygote
___ and ____ specific info is present in ___
cells
species, structure, primordial cells
TERM 17
Can you grow a limb on a
head?
DEFINITION 17
yes
TERM 18
what determines developmental patterns?
DEFINITION 18
genetics and environment genetics can be altered, and so
can environment (which can alter genetics)
TERM 19
endicrinology
DEFINITION 19
study of homrones/extracellular signalling
TERM 20
endocrine pathways
DEFINITION 20
hormones, endocrine system, signal transduction pathway
hormones: where are they
synthesized?
extracellular chemical signal often synthesized in specialized
cells of organs called ENDOCRINE GLANDS
TERM 22
endocrine system
DEFINITION 22
The endocrine system is a group of glands that work together
and secrete many types of different hormones that regulate
the body.
TERM 23
gland -> ___ -> ___ -> ___
DEFINITION 23
make substance -> into blood -> target tissue
TERM 24
signal transduction pathway
DEFINITION 24
In biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which
a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another.
TERM 25
alternate to signal transduction pathway
DEFINITION 25
hormone goes directly to nucleus
Metamorphosis of flatfish (flounder)
dependent on thyroid hormones (one side develops faster)
TERM 32
goiter
DEFINITION 32
thryroid gland swelling up because of overproduction of
thyroid hormone
TERM 33
cretinism
DEFINITION 33
thyroid disfunction disease that results in stunted
development physically and mentally
TERM 34
herbivore
DEFINITION 34
feed on plants and algae (insects and mammals, not relative
to phylogeny)
TERM 35
carnivore
DEFINITION 35
feeds on animals/meat
omnivore
feeds on plants and animals
TERM 37
stenophagous diet
DEFINITION 37
"narrow" dieat, like a panda bear
TERM 38
euryphagous
DEFINITION 38
wide diet, like a black bear
TERM 39
steno vs. eury
DEFINITION 39
eury is better because there is more to eat but steno can be
better in some environemtnts because it can just eat
bamboo that there is alot of
TERM 40
diet switching
DEFINITION 40
like tadpoles to frogs herbivores to carnivores
feeding adaptations of bulk feeders
pinchers, utensils, claws jaws and teeth fang (sometimes
venom) tongue (sometimes projectile - salamander,
chameleon)
TERM 47
long gut vs. short gut
DEFINITION 47
long gut - herbivore, more time to digest and store nutrients
short gut - carnivore
TERM 48
tooth structure and variation
DEFINITION 48
carnivores: canines, incisors, premolars and molars
herbivores: flat one type of tooth in back omnivore: US!
molars, modified canines (mixture)
TERM 49
variation in the gut
DEFINITION 49
straight tube, stoarge in baby birds, also, pharynx crop
gizzard grinds and long intestine vs. human
TERM 50
homeostatis
DEFINITION 50
maintaining a steady "state" or "internal balance" w/in an
organism. done in hypothalamus,g
glucose homeostatis
glucose and glycolysis - diabetes hyper glycemic - too much
blood sugar hypo - too little
TERM 52
Caloric Imbalance
DEFINITION 52
undernourishment, deficiency in calories overnourishment,
excessive food intake
TERM 53
4 ways of maintaining caloric balance
DEFINITION 53
leptin PYY insulin and ghrelin
TERM 54
Leptin
DEFINITION 54
from fat, satiety signal
TERM 55
PYY
DEFINITION 55
from small intestine, satiety signal
essential amino acids for adults come from
corn and beans
TERM 62
vitamins
DEFINITION 62
organic molecules that are needed in trace amounts in diets
TERM 63
minerals
DEFINITION 63
inorganic molecules that are needed in trace amounts in
diets
TERM 64
anatomy vs physiology
DEFINITION 64
anatomy: study of structure and form physiology: study of
function
TERM 65
bioenergetics
DEFINITION 65
the flow of energy through an animal
How do animals obtain their chemical
energy?
through food/organic molecules synthesized and other
organisms (aka plants) - HETEROTROPHS!
TERM 67
Metabolism
DEFINITION 67
total chemical rxns in the body
TERM 68
Anabolism
DEFINITION 68
rxns that synthesize complex molecules from simpler
molecules - REQUIRES ENERGY
TERM 69
Catabolism
DEFINITION 69
breaking down complex molecules by breaking bonds and
releasing energy ENERGY IS LOST!
TERM 70
Bioenergetic Strategies?
DEFINITION 70
endothermic and exothermic
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)
MR of ectotherms @ rest @ a specific temp
TERM 77
highest BMRs and SMRs occur during
DEFINITION 77
peak activity
TERM 78
How do you measure MR?
DEFINITION 78
oxygen levels, chambers and breathing apparatus
TERM 79
Size and metabolic rate:
DEFINITION 79
smaller body, higher MR (shrews and hummingbirds)
TERM 80
surface area to volume ratio
DEFINITION 80
smaller surface area, larger ratio
heat escapes faster in small or large
animals?
small
TERM 82
thermoregulation
DEFINITION 82
animals maintain an internal temp through anatomy
physiology and/or behavior. e.g, lizard on a rock evaporation:
sweating - wet, lose heat faster
TERM 83
morphological insulation of mammals
DEFINITION 83
hair and adipose tissue
TERM 84
dimetrodan may have used its sail for
what?
DEFINITION 84
thermoregulation or gas exchange
TERM 85
Homeostasis: Vasodilation
DEFINITION 85
dilating blood vessel, when you're warm, increase blood flow
to surface so more heat dissipates
diffusion: single vs. multicellular
flat animals, lots of exposure to outside so they can use
diffusion, no big organs
TERM 92
passive transport
DEFINITION 92
diffusion of substances across a biological membrane
TERM 93
osmosis
DEFINITION 93
diffusion of substances across a selectively permeable
membrane: water and sugar, more sugar on side they can't
cross membrane so sugar concentration must be the same,
water moves
TERM 94
osmolarity
DEFINITION 94
total solute concentration
TERM 95
isoosmotic
DEFINITION 95
osmolarity is same on opposite sides of the permeable
membrane
hyperosmotic
side of membrane with higher osmolarity
TERM 97
hypoosmotic
DEFINITION 97
side of membrane with lower
TERM 98
solutions to osmotic challenges:
DEFINITION 98
osmoconformers, osmoregulator, stenohaline, euryhaline
TERM 99
osmoconformers
DEFINITION 99
organism that does not actively adjust internal osmolarity
(jelly fish)
TERM 100
osmoregulator
DEFINITION 100
organism that must actively adjust internal osmolarity
