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Bio3200: Human Physiology name:
April, 2012 FINAL EXAM [80 Qs]
Section 1: Finish each sentence with one of the two words indicated in square brackets.
- The pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose concentrations is [A. glucagon/B. insulin].
- [A. Diastole/B. Systole] is the period during which the ventricles are contracting.
- T-tubules are continuous with [A. sarcoplasmic reticulum/B. plasma membrane].
- [A. Tonic/B. Phasic] receptors rapidly adapt as they respond mostly to a change in stimulus.
- The opposing layers of pleural membrane are held together by a thin film of [A. fluid/B. air].
- Compared to proteins, the respiratory quotient is [A. higher/B, lower] for glucose.
- [A. Positive/B. Negative] feedback promotes homeostasis.
- A postsynaptic potential that moves the resting membrane potential closer to zero [A. depolarizes/B.
hyperpolarizes] the neuron.
- Hematopoiesis refers to the [A. creation/B. destruction] of blood cells.
- [A. Na
/B. K
] ions have the highest concentration inside the cell.
- In endurance exercise such as long distance running, muscles rely heavily on [A. anaerobic/B.
aerobic] energy production.
- Under normal circumstances, the major fuel source for the brain is [A. glucose/B. fatty acids].
- Calcium-induced-calcium release is primarily associated with excitation-contraction coupling in [A.
cardiac/B. skeletal) muscle.
- [A. Erythrocytes/B. Leukocytes] lack a nucleus.
- Two hormones that have additive effects are said to be [A. antagonistic/B. synergistic].
- While both are secreted from the thyroid gland, [A. T3 /B. T4] is the most biologically active.
- The regulation of blood vessel diameter is an example of [A. antagonistic/B. tonic] control.
- A mature B-lymphocyte actively secreting antibody is known as a [A. plasma cell/B. antigen
presenting cell].
- A person who hyperventilates will exhibit signs of [A. respiratory acidosis/B. respiratory alkalosis].
- When you are cold, you will [A. vasodialate/B. vasoconstrict] arterioles leading to the skin of your
extremities.
- During fight or flight response, pupil diameter and depth of respiration both [A. increase/B.
decrease].
- Vasopressin secretion is stimulated by an/a [A. increase/B. decrease) in plasma osmolarity.
- [A. True/B. False] When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs.
- The cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the
[A. B lymphocytes/B. T-lymphocytes].
- A major "sensory association" area of the brain resides in the [A. frontal/B. parietal] lobe.
Section 2: Multiple Choice. Choose the single best answer.
- During heavy exercise, all of the following increase except
A. minute ventilation.
B. arterial PCO2.
C. oxygen delivery to muscles.
D. oxygen extraction by muscles.
E. body heat production.
- When baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies register increased blood pressure, this results in
A. secretion of ADH.
B. inhibition of ADH secretion.
C. decreased urine production.
D. increased glomerular filtration.
E. increased thirst.
- Which of the following general equations correctly describes the relationships underlying the control
of cardiovascular system?
CO = cardiac output; MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure; TPR = Total peripheral pressure ; SV = stroke
volume; HR = Heart rate.
A. CO = SV x MAP = HR X TPR
B. MAP/CO = SV x HR/TPR
C. CO = HR X SV = MAP/TPR
D. HR X MAP = CO = SV x TPR
E. TPR/CO= SV x HR/MAP
- Damage to the renal medulla would most likely interfere with the functioning of the
A. collecting ducts.
B. distal tubule.
C. glomerulus.
D. Bowman's capsule.
E. proximal tubule.
- Recall the definition of a motor unit. With advanced exercise training one would expect the average
innervation ratio of motor units to
A. increase with endurance training
B. decrease with weight training
C. decrease with endurance training
D. increase with weight training
E. remain the same as the size of a motor unit is not affected by training.
- An action potential in a neuronal membrane differs from a graded potential in that
A. an action potential requires the opening of Ca
channels whereas a graded potential
does not.
B. an action potential is propagated without decay whereas a graded potential decays.
C. an action potential, but not a graded potential, has a threshold and is an all-or-none
phenomenon
D. A and B
E. B and C
- If an IPSP and EPSP of similar magnitude arrive at the trigger zone at the same time what happens?
A. The axon becomes hyperpolarized
B. The axon becomes depolarized.
C. An action potential is initiated.
D. The axon bursts.
E. Nothing happens as they cancel each other out.
- When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure,
A. sympathetic activity increases.
B. cardiac output increases.
C. peripheral resistance decreases.
D. A and B
E. A, B, and C
- A receptor potential is all of the following EXCEPT
A. can be hyperpolarizing, but is most often depolarizing
B. will have an amplitude that varies in magnitude with stimulus strength.
C. may trigger one or more action potentials.
D. usually occurs in the dendritic area of the sensory neuron.
E. will change in frequency based on the magnitude of the stimulus strength
- The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
A. dopamine
B. GABA
C. epinephrine
D. norepinephrine
E. acetylcholine
- Most body water is located
A. in lumens of organs open to the outside.
B. inside cells.
C. in interstitial fluid.
D. in cerebral spinal fluid
E. in plasma.
- When the sympathetic nervous system increases activity which of the following does NOT occur?
A. increased heart contractility
B. decreased vasoconstriction
C. increased heart rate
D. decreased insulin secretion
E. decreased GFR
- In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the blood levels of
A. secretin rise.
B. enterocrinin fall.
C. cholecystokinin fall.
D. gastrin rise
E. all of the above
- During exercise, vasodialation of working muscles occur in response to stimulation by
A. the parasympathetic nervous system
B. local Acetycholine secretion
C. local metabolic control mechanisms
D. the sympathetic nervous system
E. all of the above
- Redistribution of blood flow during exercise results from
A. global vasoconstriction
B. vasodilation in skeletal muscle and vasoconstriction in viscera.
C. global vasodilation
D. vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle and vasodilation in viscera.
E. none of the above
- Which organ is NOT known to be associated with a special portal system?
A. brain
B. liver
C. kidney
D. heart
E. all of the above have portal systems
- Which one of the following does NOT complete the sentence correctly? "The force generated by a
single skeletal muscle fiber ..."
A. can be increased by increasing the frequency of action potentials.
B. depends on myosin phosphorylation levels.
C. can be decreased by increasing Ca
-ATPase activity.
D. depends on the degree of thick and thin filament overlap.
E. is usually optimal at its normal physiological length.
- Excitation-Contraction Coupling occurs through a series of discrete steps. The six below are some of
these steps so place them in the correct sequence from beginning to end.
- activation of the DPH receptor
- release of calcium from the SR
- pumping of calcium back into the SR
- entry of sodium from an ACh receptor.
- opening of the RyR in the SR membrane.
- formation of a muscle action potential.
A. 5, 2, 3, 4, 1, 6
B. 4, 6, 5, 1, 2, 3
C. 6, 1, 4, 5, 2, 3
D. 4, 6, 1, 5, 2, 3
E. 6, 2, 5, 4, 3, 1
- Motor neurons are often grouped together if they innervate the same gross muscle. These neurons
have all of the following things in common EXCEPT:
A. being in the same area of the ventral spinal cord
B. being part of the same motor unit
C. using the same neurotransmitter
D. projecting axons within the same nerve
E. being located on the same side of the spinal cord
- An "adequate" stimulus
A. is the minimum amount of a stimulus required to activate the receptor
B. is the type of stimulus that hyperpolarizes a receptor
C. describes the range of stimuli a receptor can not respond to
D. is the particular physical/chemical property a receptor can detect
E. all of the above
- Posture control is mostly the responsibility of neurons residing in the
A. cerebellum
B. brain stem
C. motor cortex
D. basal ganglion
E. spinal cord
- The following is a diagram of how CO 2
is carried in the blood. Based on this figure, which of the
following statements is FALSE?
A. The product at the box labeled "A" should be H 2
CO
B. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction at e.
C. At B, a membrane antiporter is used to exchange the bicarbonate ion for "g" a K+ ion.
D. Approximately 7% of CO 2
is freely soluble in the plasma.
E. Missing from this diagram is an interaction between hemoglobin and H+.
- Sodium ions do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. help reabsorb glucose in a nephron
B. help absorb amino acids in the small intestine
C. help initiate a skeletal muscle action potential
D. participate in the resting membrane potential of a cell
E. bind actin to help regulate myosin based contraction
- Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
A. Secretion is the movement of a solute from the blood to the tubule.
B. Reabsorption is the movement of a solute from a nephron tubule to the blood.
C. The amount of solute excreted equals the amount filtered minus the amount reabsorbed
plus the amount secreted.
D. Filtration is the movement of plasma into the glomerulus.
E. Excretion is the removal of a solute from the body in urine.
- Calcium ions
A. participate in the resting membrane potential of a cardiac cell
B. participate in the hyperpolarization of a muscle cell
C. prevent secretion of insulin in response to food
D. are exchanged with potassium ions to help stop cardiac muscle contraction
E. are required for blood clotting
- The following is a cartoon of a neuron. The cell body is the oval at left, and axons are indicated by
straight lines and pre-synaptic terminals are small triangles. Based on this diagram, which of the
following statements is FALSE?
A. The trigger zone is at B.
B. At E, calcium ions enter to help release neurotransmitter.
C. For large neurons, myelination of axons (say at C and D) increases the propagation
speed of action potentials.
D. An action potential would be observed at all five (A to E) locations.
E. None, all of the above are true.
- Capillaries are best described as
A. microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid.
B. thick walled vessels that convey blood away from the heart.
C. thin walled vessels that convey blood toward the heart.
D. elastic vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen.
E. muscular vessels that carry blood deficient in oxygen.
- Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
A. stomach
B. pancreas
C. spleen
D. colon
E. esophagus
- If your body is suffering from severe dehydration all of the following occurs EXCEPT ....
A. an increase in both angiotensin II activity and aldosterone secretion
B. an increase in sympathetic nervous system output
C. an immediate decrease in GFR
D. an increase in vasopressin secretion to increase water reabsorption
E. an increase in thirst
- Urine is similar to sweat in that they both
A. are always hypo-osmotic
B. always have very high levels of K+
C. have very low protein levels
D. are always hyper-osmotic
E. are increased by sympathetic nervous system activation.
- In comparing the action potentials of skeletal and cardiac muscle which of the following is FALSE?
A. Trace A (at left) represents skeletal muscle, and B a cardiac muscle.
B. The rising phase of both A and B occur as sodium ions rush into the cell.
C. At the location indicated by C, calcium ions are rushing out of the cell.
D. The falling phase of both A and B occur as potassium ions rush out of the cell.
E. Both cell types exhibit an absolute refractory period, although they may not be the same
length of time.
- The following is a cartoon of a nephron, including collecting ducts and afferent and efferent arterioles
in grey. Based on this diagram, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. The filtrate running through the lumen at D is always iso-osmotic.
B. At B, water is preferentially absorbed while sodium remains behind.
C. The hydrostatic pressure within the lumen at A (Bowman's capsule) decreases the
filtration rate.
D. The permeability of the membrane at E to water is regulated by aldosterone.
E. The filtrate running through the lumen at C is always hypo-osmotic.
- The following is a portion of a Wigger's diagram that should be familiar to you. The solid line
represents pressure in the left ventricle and the dashed line represents aortic pressure. Based on this
diagram which of the following is TRUE?
A. The first heart sound occurs at the arrow A.
B. The aortic valve closes at the area marked by the circle D.
C. The P-wave will start at the approximate position of arrow B.
D. The ventricle is undergoing isovolumetric contraction during the part highlighted by the
rectangle C.
E. Ventricle depolarization is occurring during the phase marked by the diamond E.
- The following is a trace from a spirometer. The dashed arrow is indicating the ...
A. vital capacity.
B. expiratory reserve capacity.
C. expiratory reserve volume.
D. inspiratory reserve capacity.
E. tidal volume.
- Trypsinogen is
A. secreted from pancreatic duct cells
B. is initially activated by enteropeptidase in the brush border.
C. cleaves nucleic acids in a random fashion
D. turns into chymotrypsin once activated
E. B and D
Answer Key for Test “Final EXam draft”, 4/23/
No. in
Q-Bank
No. on
Test Correct Answer
22 50 1 A
14 5 2 B
12 65 3 B
10 9 4 B
17 51 5 A
22 38 6 A
6 39 7 B
8 24 8 A
16 3 9 A
8 7 10 B
25 30 11 B
9 48 12 A
14 18 13 A
16 1 14 A
7 22 15 B
23 45 16 A
6 20 17 B
24 6 18 A
20 64 19 B
22 75 20 B
11 40 21 A
20 58 22 A
17 39 23 B
24 8 24 B
9 9 25 B
17 79 26 B
20 13 27 B
15 20 28 C
19 39 29 A
25 50 30 E
18 8 31 B
20 66 32 D
17 6 33 D
12 97 34 B
12 86 35 D
8 92 36 D
8 41 37 E
8 66 38 E
15 54 39 D
10 53 40 E
13 30 41 E
20 5 42 B
29 5 43 B
21 74 44 A
25 40 45 C
25 12 46 B
14 24 47 D
12 59 48 B
12 106 49 D
13 35 50 E
9 27 51 E
17 25 52 C
19 103 53 D
Answer Key for Test “Final EXam draft”, 4/23/
No. in
Q-Bank
No. on
Test Correct Answer
15 34 54 B
13 29 55 B
10 27 56 D
13 32 57 B
18 42 58 C
29 1 59 E
19 101 60 D
29 2 61 E
8 126 62 D
14 23 63 A
21 3 64 B
15 78 65 B
21 4 66 B
14 26 67 B
18 10 68 B
23 12 69 C
29 4 70 E
23 25 71 D
20 90 72 A
22 91 73 C
14 88 74 C
19 68 75 C
14 98 76 D
17 80 77 A
21 106 78 B
21 108 79 D
25 27 80 E
- A postsynaptic potential that moves the resting membrane potential closer to zero [A. depolarizes/B.
hyperpolarizes] the neuron.
- A major "sensory association" area of the brain resides in the [A. frontal/B. parietal] lobe.
Section 2: Multiple Choice. Choose the single best answer.
- In addition to the number and type of muscle fibers in a muscle, peak athletic performance requires
A. a good blood supply and system of blood delivery.
B. adequate numbers of muscle mitochondria.
C. a well-developed respiratory system.
D. good supplies of nutrients.
E. all of the above
- Growth Hormone (GH)
A. is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
B. is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
C. binds to a plasma protein.
D. A and C
E. B and C
- Trypsinogen is
A. secreted from pancreatic duct cells
B. is initially activated by enteropeptidase in the brush border.
C. cleaves nucleic acids in a random fashion
D. turns into chymotrypsin once activated
E. B and D
- Recall the definition of a motor unit. With advanced exercise training one would expect the average
innervation ratio of motor units to
A. increase with endurance training
B. increase with weight training
C. decrease with weight training
D. decrease with endurance training
E. remain the same as the size of a motor unit is not affected by training.
- During heavy exercise, all of the following increase except
A. minute ventilation.
B. arterial PCO2.
C. oxygen delivery to muscles.
D. oxygen extraction by muscles.
E. body heat production.
- When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure,
A. sympathetic activity increases.
B. cardiac output increases.
C. peripheral resistance decreases.
D. A and B
E. A, B, and C
- When the sympathetic nervous system increases activity which of the following does NOT occur?
A. increased heart contractility
B. decreased insulin secretion
C. decreased vasoconstriction
D. decreased GFR
E. increased heart rate
- ATP is directly required in skeletal muscle for each of the following EXCEPT
A. sequestration of Ca
into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B. dissociation of actin from myosin.
C. movement of myosin cross-bridges.
D. maintenance of the resting membrane potential of the skeletal-muscle.
E. release of Ca
from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Sodium ions do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. participate in the resting membrane potential of a cell
B. help reabsorb glucose in a nephron
C. help initiate a skeletal muscle action potential
D. help absorb amino acids in the small intestine
E. bind actin to help regulate myosin based contraction
- The following is a portion of a Wigger's diagram that should be familiar to you. The solid line
represents pressure in the left ventricle and the dashed line represents aortic pressure. Based on this
diagram which of the following is TRUE?
A. The aortic valve closes at the area marked by the circle D.
B. The P-wave will start at the approximate position of arrow B.
C. Ventricle depolarization is occurring during the phase marked by the diamond E.
D. The ventricle is undergoing isovolumetric contraction during the part highlighted by the
rectangle C.
E. The first heart sound occurs at the arrow A.
- The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
A. acetylcholine
B. epinephrine
C. norepinephrine
D. GABA
E. dopamine
- Excitation-Contraction Coupling occurs through a series of discrete steps. The six below are some of
these steps so place them in the correct sequence from beginning to end.
- activation of the DPH receptor
- release of calcium from the SR
- pumping of calcium back into the SR
- entry of sodium from an ACh receptor.
- opening of the RyR in the SR membrane.
- formation of a muscle action potential.
A. 4, 6, 5, 1, 2, 3
B. 6, 2, 5, 4, 3, 1
C. 4, 6, 1, 5, 2, 3
D. 5, 2, 3, 4, 1, 6
E. 6, 1, 4, 5, 2, 3
- In comparing the action potentials of skeletal and cardiac muscle which of the following is FALSE?
A. Trace A (at left) represents skeletal muscle, and B a cardiac muscle.
B. The rising phase of both A and B occur as sodium ions rush into the cell.
C. At the location indicated by C, calcium ions are rushing out of the cell.
D. The falling phase of both A and B occur as potassium ions rush out of the cell.
E. Both cell types exhibit an absolute refractory period, although they may not be the same
length of time.
- Damage to the renal medulla would most likely interfere with the functioning of the
A. collecting ducts.
B. distal tubule.
C. Bowman's capsule.
D. glomerulus.
E. proximal tubule.
- The following is a cartoon of a neuron. The cell body is the oval at left, and axons are indicated by
straight lines and pre-synaptic terminals are small triangles. Based on this diagram, which of the
following statements is FALSE?
A. For large neurons, myelination of axons (say at C and D) increases the propagation
speed of action potentials.
B. At E, calcium ions enter to help release neurotransmitter.
C. The trigger zone is at B.
D. An action potential would be observed at all five (A to E) locations.
E. None, all of the above are true.
- Glomerular filtration is regulated by all of the following EXCEPT
A. afferent and efferent arteriole constriction
B. myogenic response of blood vessels
C. paracrine signals from the macula densa
D. parasympathetic innervation of afferent arteriole
E. none, they are all correct
- The hypothalamic-pituitary axis secretes hormones that participate in all of the following EXCEPT:
A. stimulate growth during puberty
B. regulate calcium excretion after a meal
C. synergistically help glucagon dependent catabolism.
D. regulate water balance
E. stimulate milk let-down in a nursing mom
- Which one of the following does NOT complete the sentence correctly? "The force generated by a
single skeletal muscle fiber ..."
A. can be increased by increasing the frequency of action potentials.
B. depends on myosin phosphorylation levels.
C. can be decreased by increasing Ca
-ATPase activity.
D. depends on the degree of thick and thin filament overlap.
E. is usually optimal at its normal physiological length.
- An "adequate" stimulus
A. is the particular physical/chemical property a receptor can detect
B. is the type of stimulus that hyperpolarizes a receptor
C. is the minimum amount of a stimulus required to activate the receptor
D. describes the range of stimuli a receptor can not respond to
E. all of the above
