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Conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular response after having been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (bell) TERM 2
Unconditioned stimulus
DEFINITION 2 a stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response (food) TERM 3
Conditioned response
DEFINITION 3 a behavior that is occurs after having been conditioned by a conditioned stimulus (salivation at sound of bell) TERM 4
Unconditioned response
DEFINITION 4 a behavior that is prompted automatically by a stimulus (salivation) TERM 5
Neutral stimulus
DEFINITION 5 stimuli that have no effect on a particular response (bell)
Positive Correlation
relationship in which high levels of one variable correspond to high levels of another. (ex: the relationship between reading achievement and mathematics achievement) TERM 7
Negative Correlation
DEFINITION 7 relationship in which high levels of one variable correspond to low levels of another (ex: days absent and grades) TERM 8
No correlation or uncorrelated
variables
DEFINITION 8 variables for which there is no relationship between levels of one compared to another TERM 9
Operant Conditioning
DEFINITION 9 involves behavior that is selected by its consequences; the consequences of behavior produces changes in the future likelihood of behavior TERM 10
Classical Conditioning
DEFINITION 10 The typical procedure for inducing classical conditioning involves presentations of a neutral stimulus along with a stimulus of some significance, the unconditional stimulus.
fixed interval
reinforcement
reinforcement schedule which desired behavior is rewarded following a constant amount of time TERM 17
Fixed Ratio Reinforcement
DEFINITION 17 reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a fixed number of behaviors TERM 18
solitary play
DEFINITION 18 occurs alone, often with toys, and is independent of what other children are doing TERM 19
Parallel Play
DEFINITION 19 children engage in the same activity side by side but with very little interaction or mutual influence TERM 20
Associative Play
DEFINITION 20 much like parallel play but with increased levels of interaction in the form of sharing, turn taking, and general interest in what others are doing
Cooperative Play
children join together to achieve a common goal TERM 22
evidence-based practice in education
DEFINITION 22 Involves complex and conscientious decision-making, which is based not only on the available evidence but also on patient characteristics, situations, and preferences. It recognizes that care is individualized and ever changing and involves uncertainties and probabilities TERM 23
Laboratory experiment
DEFINITION 23 experiment in which conditions are highly controlled TERM 24
randomized field experiment
DEFINITION 24 experiment conducted under realistic conditions in which individuals are assigned by chance to receive different practical treatments or programs. TERM 25
single-case
experiments
DEFINITION 25 experiment that studies a treatments effect on one person or one group by contrasting behavior before, during, and after application of the treatment
accommodation
changing the schema to better fit the environment TERM 32
conservation
DEFINITION 32 the concept that certain properties of an object remain the same regardless of changes in other properties TERM 33
object constancy
DEFINITION 33 maintaining a lasting relationship with a specific object, or rejecting any substitute for such an object TERM 34
private speech
DEFINITION 34 childrens self-talk, which guides their thinking and action; eventually internalized as silent inner speech TERM 35
zone of proximal development
DEFINITION 35 a. the distance between what one can do independently and what one can do with guidance i. The developmental level immediately above the childs present level
scaffolding
An instructional method in which support is given to the students early on in the learning processsupport is gradually decreased as the child becomes more independent TERM 37
summer slide
DEFINITION 37 Documented phenomenon whereby children from mille- and low-class families digress in their academic skills over the summer TERM 38
episodic memory
DEFINITION 38 stores our personal experiences TERM 39
semantic memory
DEFINITION 39 stores facts and general knowledge TERM 40
procedural memory
DEFINITION 40 stores information about how to do things
internal
people with internal locus of control more likely to believe that they are responsible for their successes and failures: due to internal, stable, controllable factors TERM 47
Maslow's Hierarchy
DEFINITION 47 Often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top TERM 48
intentionality
DEFINITION 48 doing things for a purpose; teachers who use intentionality plan their actions based on the outcomes that they want to achieve TERM 49
efficacy
DEFINITION 49 the degree to which teachers feel that their own efforts determine the success of their students TERM 50
reciprocal teaching
DEFINITION 50 refers to an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting. Once students have learned the strategies they take turns assuming the role of teacher in leading a dialogue about what has been read
intentional teachers
teaching with a purpose. They know what the objectives are wand what they want students to learn TERM 52
resiliency
DEFINITION 52 ability to spring back from and successfully adapt to adversity TERM 53
automaticity
DEFINITION 53 a level of rapidity and ease such that tasks can be performed or skills utilized with little mental effort TERM 54
What are the important concepts in
structuring and managing a classroom?
DEFINITION 54 setting class rules using allocated time for instruction use engaged time effectively managing routine misbehavior TERM 55
classroom management
DEFINITION 55 organizing classroom activities, instruction, and the physical classroom to provide for an effective use of time
What do evaluations of the Head Start
program tell us?
SES children who are in the head start program do better throughout their schooling than other SES children who dont go to head start TERM 62
What does early intervention
do?
DEFINITION 62 Helps children with or without a diagnosis that are experiencing a delay in some area of development for any reason TERM 63
What did Brown vs. the Board of Education
do?
DEFINITION 63 a. It ushered in desegregation and abolished separate but equal It made segregation based on race illegal TERM 64
How does limited access to healthcare affect
low SES children?
DEFINITION 64 poor health and missed school TERM 65
social learning
DEFINITION 65 children learn through joint interaction with adults and more capable peers constructivist approach to education
zone of proximal development
the range of tasks the child might not be able to do alone but can do with the assistance of peers or adults constructivist approach to education TERM 67
cognitive apprenticeship
DEFINITION 67 the process by which a learner gradually acquires expertise through interaction with experts constructivist approach to education TERM 68
mediated learning
DEFINITION 68 students who should be given complex, difficult, realistic tasks and then be given enough help to achieve these tasks constructivist approach to education TERM 69
Jigsaw
II
DEFINITION 69 all students read a common text, the assigned to groups and expert sessions. Experts meet and discuss, share with group. Then all group members take the same individual quiz to assess learning TERM 70
brainstorming
DEFINITION 70 coming up with many different creative solutions to the problem before evaluating each solution
Incentives
defined as the degree to which the teacher makes sure that students are motivated to work on instructional tasks and to learn the material being presented TERM 77
Time
DEFINITION 77 defined as the degree to which students are given enough time to learn the material being taught TERM 78
seven principles of effective and humane use
of punishment
DEFINITION 78 a. Use punishment sparingly b. Make it clear to the child why he or she is being punished c. Provide the child with an alternative means of obtaining positive reinforcement d. Reinforce the child for behaviors that are incompatible with those your wish to weaken e. Never use physical punishment f. Never punish when you are in a very angry or emotional state Punish when a behavior starts rather than when it ends TERM 79
Performance
grading
DEFINITION 79 teachers determine what children know and can do and then report this in a way that is easy for parents and students to understand TERM 80
mastery
grading
DEFINITION 80 grading requiring an established standard of mastery, such as 80 or 90 percent score on a test. Students who do not achieve it the first time may receive corrective instruction and then retake the test to try to achieve mastery.
contract
grading
students negotiate a particular amount of work or level of performance that they will achieve to receive a certain grade TERM 82
report card
grading
DEFINITION 82 go out 4 to 6 time a year and they grades are derived from scores on quizzes, papers, homework, participation, and etc. TERM 83
absolute grading
standards
DEFINITION 83 consist of pre-established percentage scores required for a given grade TERM 84
relative grading
standards
DEFINITION 84 teachers give grade according to the students rank in their class or grade TERM 85
mental retardation
DEFINITION 85 a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, as expressed in conceptual, social and practical skills. This disability originates before age 18
