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Final Exam Study Guide - Immunology | BIOL 452, Study notes of Immunology

George Mason University (GMU)Immunology
Prof. Marcia Coss

final exam study guide Material Type: Notes; Professor: Coss; Class: Immunology; Subject: Biology; University: George Mason University; Term: Fall 2008;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 12/08/2008

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Chapter 10: Adaptive Immunity to Infection
1. Describe the course of a typical acute infection.
a. 0-4 hours
b. 4-96 hours
c. 96+ hours
2. Describe the phases of the infectious process.
3. Describe the protective responses of the immune system at each phase of the infective process.
4. What are the 5 main types of pathogenic microorganisms.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5. What are the 3 sites of infection within the body?
a. 1- blood
b. 2- tissue
c. 3-
6. What are the mechanisms of the immune response to pathogens found in the 3 different body
compartments?
7. Tissue damage from pathogens can occur by direct as well as indirect mechanisms. List and describe 3
effects each for direct and indirect tissue damage as a result of infection.
8. What are the three ways in which the epithelium is a barrier to infection. Give specific examples of each
way.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
9. Why do macrophages have a central role in immunity?
10. What is extravasation? Why is it important?
a. The movement of cells or fluid from w/in blood vessels to the surrounding tissues
b. Important because
11. What is diapedesis?
a. The movement of blood cells (particularly leukocytes) from the blood across blood vessel walls
into tissues
12. What is meant by T-cell trapping?
13. How is differentiation of naive CD4 T-cells affected by the cytokines released in response to pathogens?
14. What are NK1.1+ T-cells?
a.
15. How do the different T-cell subsets influence development of each other?
16. How does the nature and concentration of Ag affect CD4 T- cell differentiation?
17. What is the primary focus? Where does it occur? What cells are involved?
18. What are the different effector mechanisms important in clearing infections caused by viruses, bacteria,
fungi, protozoa?
19. What is the consequence of activating the adaptive immune system? Immediately and long term?
20. What is protective immunity?
Protective immunity is the resistance to a specific pathogen that results from infection or
vaccination. It is due to the adaptive immune response, which set up immunological memory of
that pathogen.
21. What is meant by the term immunological memory?
Memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and more effectively on a
second encounter with an Ag. It is specific for a particular Ag and is long-lived.
22. What is meant by original antigenic sin? What is the mechanism?
pf3
pf4
pf5
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Chapter 10: Adaptive Immunity to Infection

  1. Describe the course of a typical acute infection. a. 0-4 hours b. 4-96 hours c. 96+ hours
  2. Describe the phases of the infectious process.
  3. Describe the protective responses of the immune system at each phase of the infective process.
  4. What are the 5 main types of pathogenic microorganisms. a. b. c. d. e.
  5. What are the 3 sites of infection within the body? a. 1- blood b. 2- tissue c. 3-
  6. What are the mechanisms of the immune response to pathogens found in the 3 different body compartments?
  7. Tissue damage from pathogens can occur by direct as well as indirect mechanisms. List and describe 3 effects each for direct and indirect tissue damage as a result of infection.
  8. What are the three ways in which the epithelium is a barrier to infection. Give specific examples of each way. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3
  9. Why do macrophages have a central role in immunity?
  10. What is extravasation? Why is it important? a. The movement of cells or fluid from w/in blood vessels to the surrounding tissues b. Important because
  11. What is diapedesis? a. The movement of blood cells (particularly leukocytes) from the blood across blood vessel walls into tissues
  12. What is meant by T-cell trapping?
  13. How is differentiation of naive CD4 T-cells affected by the cytokines released in response to pathogens?
  14. What are NK1.1+ T-cells? a.
  15. How do the different T-cell subsets influence development of each other?
  16. How does the nature and concentration of Ag affect CD4 T- cell differentiation?
  17. What is the primary focus? Where does it occur? What cells are involved?
  18. What are the different effector mechanisms important in clearing infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa?
  19. What is the consequence of activating the adaptive immune system? Immediately and long term?
  20. What is protective immunity? Protective immunity is the resistance to a specific pathogen that results from infection or vaccination. It is due to the adaptive immune response, which set up immunological memory of that pathogen.
  21. What is meant by the term immunological memory? Memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and more effectively on a second encounter with an Ag. It is specific for a particular Ag and is long-lived.
  22. What is meant by original antigenic sin? What is the mechanism?

OAS is the tendency of humans to make Ab responses to those epitopes shared b/w the first strain of a virus they encountered and subsequent related viruses, while ignoring other highly immunogenic epitopes on the second and subsequent viruses.

  1. How do the primary and secondary immune responses differ?

Chapter 12: Failures of the Host Defense Mechanisms

  1. What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift? a. Antigenic drift- point mutations in viral genes cause small differences in the structure of the viral surface Ag’s b. Antigenic shift- a radical change of viral surface proteins due to a reassortment of a virus’s segmented genome
  2. What is viral latency? Why is this important? a. Viral latency is when a virus has entered a cell but hasn’t replicated. b. It is important
  3. List and describe 9 defense mechanisms of the immune system to protect against infection.
  4. List and describe the mechanisms pathogens have developed to evade the defenses of the immune system you listed in question #3.
  5. What is the difference between a primary and a secondary immune deficiency?
  6. What is the number one cause of immunodeficiency in the world? In developed countries? a. Malnutrition b. Inherited immune deficiencies
  7. What are the 2 different forms of leprosy? How do the immune responses differ in the two types and how does that lead to the different forms of the disease? a. Tuberculoid b. Lepromatous CMI is depressed, primary Th2 response & pathogen is not controlled
  8. When was the first immunodeficiency disease identified? What was it? What is the cause of the disease? What is the immune defect? a. 1952, Dr. Bruton discovered X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). b. Characterized by absence of serum Ab. Recurrent bacterial infections. c. Defect in the Btk gene on the X-chromosome. B-cells stop at pre-B stages.
  9. Give examples of the 12 possible major sites of involvement of immunodeficiency disorders.
  1. Phagocyte defects: a. LAD - leukocyte adhesion deficiency i. Leukocyte B2 integrin defects b. CGD - chronic granulomatous disease i. Cells cannot produce ROS, susceptible to chronic bacterial infections which can lead to formation of granulomas
  2. Complement defects: Heriditary neurotic angioedema a. Defect with C1-inhibitor, leads to accumulation of fluid in tissues
  3. What are several causes of secondary immunodeficiencies?
  4. What are several non-immunological abnormalities that may lead to increased susceptibility to infection?
  5. AIDS – Acquired immune deficiency syndrome,
  • Describe the HIV viral structure & genome characteristics o Envelope- derived from host cell membrane; has one type of peplomer o Peplomers- 72 identical surface glycoproteins o Genome- 2 identical ssRNA o Capsid- encloses the 2 ssRNA segments & the 3 enzymes o Enzymes- RT (copies RNA  cDNA), Protease (cleaves viral proteins), Integrase (inserts cDNA into host cell’s DNA)
  • Describe the normal replication mechanisms of HIV o RT copies RNA into cDNA. cDNA goes into host nucleus, and is inserted to host DNA with help from Integrase (Provirus). Provirus is the transcribed by host cell RNA polymerase to make viral mRNA. Viral mRNA is translated into viral polyproteins.
  • What role do the chemokine receptors play? o CD4, CCR5, CXCR4 serve as co-receptors for HIV
  • Discuss the cause of depletion of CD4+ T cells o
  • Discuss the role of CD8+ T cells

o

  • Describe the immune response during the course of HIV/AIDS o
  • Describe approaches to treatment o
  • Describe approaches to vaccines o
  • What does AIDS screening tell you? o

Chapter 13: Allergy and Hypersensitivity

  1. What are the four types of immune-mediated hypersensitivities? How do they differ? How does each type mediate its tissue damage? What are the effector mechanisms? What is the time course for each type?
  2. What is an allergen?
  3. IgE allergic reactions are classified according to their clinical effects (syndrome), describe the differences between the classes?
  4. What is atopy? How does it relate to allergic asthma?
  5. How does an allergic response occur?
  6. What is desensitization and how does it work? Why is this done?
  7. What are the different routes of entry for allergens? How does the dose and route of entry affect the response?
  8. What are some common features of inhaled allergens and how do these features affect the immune response?
  9. How do genetic factors contribute to an allergic response?
  10. How does the cytokine environment affect the allergic response? (See Fig 8.7)
  11. What is anaphylaxis? How does systemic anaphylaxis occur?
  12. What is urticaria? What is it a response to?
  13. How are the different phases of allergic responses treated?
  1. How can an autoimmune disease be diagnosed?
  2. Why is a Type II or III autoimmune disease easier to diagnose than a Type IV autoimmune disease?
  3. What is EAE? How was it determined that myelin basic protein was the autoantigen? What disease is EAE a model for? What is the basis for these diseases?
  4. What is the cause(s) of Rheumatoid arthritis? What is the rheumatoid factor?
  5. What are the immunologically privileged sites? The theory of immunological privilege?
  6. What is the relationship between autoimmunity and infection?
  7. What is molecular mimicry? What is epitope spreading?
  8. What are the mechanisms in which infectious agents could break self tolerance?
  9. What is the carrier effect?
  10. What is an anti-idiotypic antibody? How might they arise and what might their effect be? What is a possible role for anti-idiotypic antibodies? ESSAY QUESTIONS Exam 1
  11. During an initial infection, the immune response differs over time. Discuss the timing of the different phases of an intial infection and the corresponding immune responses at each phase. Include in your answer the following information a. The duration of each phase b. The mechanisms and cells mediating the events c. The outcome of each phase
  12. Compare and contras the C3 and C5 convertases of the three different complement pathways. Include in your discussion why formation of the C3 and C5 convertases is so important in the complement system.
  13. Discuss the major differences and similarities between the Ag receptors of the innate and specific adaptive immune systems and the differences in the way antigens are recognized by the cells of the innate immune system compared to the cells of the specific adaptive immune system. Exam 2
  14. Discuss the events required for processing infections by both a bacteria (s. pneumoniae) and a virus, as well as the production of the MHC molecules necessary to present the Ag fragments of these pathogens. Include in your discussion how the Ag fragments become associated with the MHC molecules.
  15. The production of a functional TCR gene involves a complex set of processes. Discuss the events and processes involved in the production of a functional Beta chain gene. As part of your discussion, include how the RSS and the 12/23 rule are involved. Exam 3
  16. B cells are involved in the humoral immune response. Discuss the development and activation of B- cells to plasma cell beginning with their development w/in the bone marrow. Include in your discussion the stages, events, locations, cells and molecules involved in the development and activation of B-cells resulting in the production of secreted Ab’s.
  17. T cells have been described as having a central role in the adaptive immune response. Discuss the development and activation of T-cells beginning with their development within the thymus. Include in

your discussion the phenotype of the developing thymocytes as well as the stages, events, locations, cells and molecules and events

  1. Compare and contrast the biochemical signaling events that occur when the antigen receptors of B-cells and T-cells are bound by antigen. Include in your answer all of the events and molecules involved as well as the outcome of these events.