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Androgens
Hormones, the most important of which is estradiol, that influence the development of female physical sex characteristics and help regulate the menstrual cycle. TERM 2
Estrogens
DEFINITION 2 Hormones, the most important of which is testosterone, that promote the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics. TERM 3
Psychoanalytic Theory
DEFINITION 3 refers to the definition and dynamics of personality development which underlie and guide psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy. (Child is sexually attracted to opposite-sex parent at 3 to 5 years of age) (Sigmund Freud) TERM 4
Social Cognitive Theory
DEFINITION 4 A theory that states that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. (rewards and punishments of gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior by adults & peers) TERM 5
Moral Development
DEFINITION 5 Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
Piaget's Theory
The Theory of Cognitive Development which states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development. TERM 7
Kohlberg's Theory
DEFINITION 7 The theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor. (Development from one stage to another is forstered by opportunites to take the perspective of others and to experience conflict between one's current stage of moral thinking and the reasoning of someone at a higher stage) TERM 8
Heteronomous Morality
DEFINITION 8 The first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, occurring from 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. TERM 9
Autonomous Morality
DEFINITION 9 The second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, displayed by older children (ages 10+). The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences. TERM 10
Immanent Justice
DEFINITION 10 Piaget's concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.
Social Systems Morality
The fourth stage in Kohlber's theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code. TERM 17
Postconventional Reasoning
DEFINITION 17 The highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the ooptions, and then decides on a personal moral code. TERM 18
Social Contract or Utility and Individual
Rights
DEFINITION 18 The fifth Kohlberg stage. At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or trancend the law. TERM 19
Universal Ethical Principles
DEFINITION 19 The sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights. TERM 20
Justice Perspective
DEFINITION 20 A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions.
Care Perspective
The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan; views people in terms of their connectedness with ohters and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others. TERM 22
Social Conventional Reasoning
DEFINITION 22 Focuses on conventional rules established by social consensus, as opposed to moral reasoning that stresses ethical issues. TERM 23
Social Cognitive Theory of Morality
DEFINITION 23 The theory that distinguishes between moral competence-- the ability to produce moral behaviors-- those behaviors in specific situations. TERM 24
Empathy
DEFINITION 24 Reacting to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings. TERM 25
Moral Identity
DEFINITION 25 The aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives
Character Education
A direct moral education approach that involves teaching students a basic "moral literacy" to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior or doing harm to themselves or others. TERM 32
Values Clarification
DEFINITION 32 Helping people clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for. Students are encouraged to define their own values and understand other's values. TERM 33
Cognitive Moral Education
DEFINITION 33 Education based on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops; Kohlberg's theory has been the basis for many of the cognitive moral education approaches. TERM 34
Service Learning
DEFINITION 34 A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community. TERM 35
Altruism
DEFINITION 35 An unselfish interest in helping another person.
Conduct Disorder
Age-innappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's norms, and the personal or property rights of others. TERM 37
Juvenile Delinquency
DEFINITION 37 Refers to a great variety of behaviors by an adolescent, ranging from unacceptable behavior to breaking the law. TERM 38
Gender
DEFINITION 38 The characteristics of people as males and females TERM 39
Gender Role
DEFINITION 39 A set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel TERM 40
Gender Typing
DEFINITION 40 The process by which children acquire the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are considered appropriate fro their gender in their culture.
Androgyny
The presence of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person. TERM 47
Scaffolding
DEFINITION 47 Adjusting the level of parental guidance to fit the child's efforts, allowing children to be more skillful than they would be if they relied only on their own abilities. TERM 48
Reciprocal Socialization
DEFINITION 48 The bidirectional process by which children socialize parents just as parents socialize them. TERM 49
Authoritarian Parenting
DEFINITION 49 This is a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to repsect their work and effort. Firm limits and controls are placed on the child and little verbal exchange is allowed. This style is associated with children's social incompetence, including a lack of initiavitive and weak communication skills. TERM 50
Authoritative Parenting
DEFINITION 50 This style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on thier acitons. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant toward the child. This style is associated with children's social competence, including being achievement oriented and self-reliant.
Neglectful Parenting
A style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life. It is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control and poor self-esteem. TERM 52
Indulgent parenting
DEFINITION 52 A style in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. This is associated with children's social incompetence especially a lack of self-control and a lack of respect for others. TERM 53
Coparenting
DEFINITION 53 The amount of support parents provide for each other in jointly raising children. TERM 54
Acculturation
DEFINITION 54 Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another culture.
