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A review handout for the final exam of sociology 110 (soc110). It covers key concepts, studies, and theories from chapters 1 to 13, including sociological imagination, social structure, social construction of knowledge, culture, socialization, deviance, organizations, economic stratification, race and ethnicity, sex and gender, and social change. Students are encouraged to focus their studying on these topics for the exam.
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Final Exam Review Handout Soc110 (Broh) NOTE: This is not intended to be a comprehensive listing of everything we have covered in the course. It is only intended to provide you some focus to your studying.
1. Chapter 1: Taking a New Look at a Familiar World (Introduction) a. What is sociology? (define and describe the perspective) i. How does sociology differ from other disciplines/perspectives? ii. What are the “three steps” of sociological knowledge development? b. What is the “sociological eye” and the “sociological imagination”? Why are they important and how do they relate to the three steps of sociological knowledge development? c. What are “human agency” and “social structure” and how do they relate to each other? How do they help us “see and think” sociologically? d. What does it mean to say that something is “social constructed”? What is a simple test to determine if something is socially constructed? e. What does it mean that sociology attempts to see “both/and” as opposed to “either/or”? f. Be able to describe Durkheim’s study of suicide. What do we learn from it? Why does Newman present this in Chapter 1? 2. Chapter 2: Seeing and Thinking Sociologically (Social Structure) a. What is society? (Be able to define and describe) b. What is “social structure”? What is “culture”? How do they relate to each other? i. What are the four “building blocks” of social structure? 1. Individuals: a. Status (ascribed, achieved, master) b. Role (expectations, performance, conflict, exit) 2. Groups a. Primary and Secondary b. In and Out groups 3. Organizations a. Bureaucracy (see Chapter 9) 4. Institutions c. Be able to define the key characteristics of and recognize and example of each of the three primary theoretical perspectives/paradigms of thought: i. Structural Functionalism ii. Conflict Theory iii. Symbolic Interactionism d. Be familiar with several scientific studies that illuminated how social structure and culture affect individual behavior such as the Stanford Prison Experiment, Milgram’s “Shock Study”, and Asch’s experiment on group conformity (the “line” experiment).
3. Chapter 3: Social Construction of Knowledge a. What do sociologists mean by “reality is socially constructed”? How is it socially constructed? b. Why is language so important to the social construction of reality? i. Jargon ii. Euphemism c. What role does the media play in the social construction of reality? Be able to provide an example. d. What is the role of power in the social construction of reality? i. What are some different sources of power? ii. Be able to provide a factual example of the use of power to construct reality. e. What are our various sources of “knowledge”? i. What are the problems with the first three? ii. How does science address concerns with the first three? f. What are the two key characteristics of science? i. What does it mean to say that sociological research is “empirical”? g. What are some of the empirical methods sociologists use to develop knowledge? 4. Chapter 4: Culture a. What is culture? (be able to define and describe) b. What are the elements of culture? Be able to give an example of each and describe how they influence social behavior. i. What are the different types of norms? Be able to recognize them and describe how they are different from each other. c. What is the relationship between the various elements of culture (particularly values and norms)? 5. Chapter 5: Socialization a. What is socialization? (be able to define and describe) i. Why is it important? ii. How and when does it occur?
9. Chapter 9: Organizations and Institutions a. (review from Chapter 2) What is social structure? What are the levels of social structure? b. Understand the difference between “macro” vs. “micro” social structure c. What are some problems with social structure? Be able to describe functions and dysfunctions of social structure and the role of power. d. What are social dilemmas? (be able to define, describe, and give examples of) i. Tragedy of the Commons ii. Free Rider Problem e. The structure of large organizations: bureaucracy i. Four primary characteristics of a bureaucracy 10. Chapter 10: Economic Stratification a. What is stratification? What is inequality? (be able to define and describe) i. What are the three characteristics of stratification? ii. How does the ladder analogy help us understand the two concepts and how they are related? b. What are four most common systems of stratification around the world? (be able to name and describe) i. What type of stratification do we have in the U.S.? c. How has economic inequality changed over time in the U.S.? d. How does the U.S. compare to other countries in terms of economic inequality? e. Why does economic stratification and inequality exist according to Structural Functionalist theory? Why does they exist according to Conflict Theory? f. What are intergenerational mobility and intragenerational mobility? What’s the role of education in each? g. What are absolute and relative poverty? (be able to define each and describe why they are important measures of poverty) h. Understand the Federal Poverty Thresholds, the origination, and how they effect poverty today. How do they compare to cost-of-living estimates? 11. Chapter 11: Race and Ethnicity (Stratification and Inequality) a. What is race? What is ethnicity? i. Why are they considered socially constructed? (Be able to describe and give an example of how each are socially constructed.) b. How has ethnoracial inequality changed over time? (think both/and) i. What are current patterns of ethnoracial inequality with regards to education and income? c. How does the unique history of each ethnoracial group in the text affect their current experiences (as a group)? d. What do we learn from the history of the colonization of American Indians? e. What is racism? i. What are the three different types of racism that sociologists have identified? (be able to name, describe, and understand an example of each) ii. What is the relationship between racism and ethnoracial inequality?
12. Chapter 12: Sex and Gender (Stratification and Inequality) a. What is sex? What is gender? i. Why are they considered socially constructed? (Be able to describe and give an example of how each are socially constructed.) b. What do we mean by the concepts “gender identity” and “gender roles”? c. What are the gendered patterns of stratification and inequality in our various social institutions? (be able to describe and apply to examples) d. What is sexism? i. What are the two primary types of sexism that sociologists study? e. Understand what rape is and why it is important to our understanding of gender stratification. 13. Chapter 14: Social Change a. Understand the various causes of social change. b. What do we know about social change in contemporary society? c. What is a social movement? i. Be able to name and describe the three different types of social movements. ii. Know when they are most likely to occur. iii. Know the conditions under which they are most likely to be successful.