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Personality
A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking. TERM 2
Conscious Mind
DEFINITION 2 Freud's term for what you are presently aware of. (The iceberg's visible tip above the surface.) Short term memory. What you are thinking about right now. TERM 3
Preconscious Mind
DEFINITION 3 Freud's term for what is stored in you rmemory that you are not presently aware of but can access. (Part of the iceberg just beneath the surface.) Long term memory. EX* You are not presently thinking about your birthday, but if asked what your birthday was, you could bring that information from the preconscious to the conscious level of awareness. TERM 4
Unconscious Mind
DEFINITION 4 Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of. (Large base of the iceberg that is hidden deep beneath the surface.) This area is believed to contain the primary motivations for all our actions and feelings, including biological instinctual drives (food and sex) and our repressed unacceptable thoughts, memories, and feelings, especially unresolved conflicts from our early childhood experiences. TERM 5
Id
DEFINITION 5 The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and is located totally in the unconscious mind.
Pleasure
Principle
Seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences. EX* Makes the Id like a spoiled child. TERM 7
Ego
DEFINITION 7 The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the Id's instinctual drives. TERM 8
Reality
Principle
DEFINITION 8 The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (norms of society.) TERM 9
Superego
DEFINITION 9 The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behavior. TERM 10
Defense Mechanism
DEFINITION 10 A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety.
Latency Fixation
6 years to puberty. No erogenous zone. Cognitive and social development. TERM 17
Genital Fixation
DEFINITION 17 Puberty through adulthood. Genitals. Development of sexual relationships, moving toward intimate adult relationships. TERM 18
Oedipus Conflict
DEFINITION 18 A phallic stage conflict for a boy in which the boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and fears his father will find out and castrate him. TERM 19
Identification
DEFINITION 19 The process by which children adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense of morality. TERM 20
Jung's Collective
Unconscious
DEFINITION 20 Includes not only the personal unconscious, but the collective unconscious, the accumulated universal experiences of humankind. Archetypes(Why myths and legends tend to have common themes), images, and symbols of important themes like God. Extraversion: Focus on external, objective world. Introversion: Focus on inner, subjective world.
Adler's Striving for Superiority
"Striving for Superiority" the need to overcome the inferiority we feel as infants, given our totally helpless and dependent state. Parental love and support help a child overcome her initial feeling of inferiority. "Inferiority Complex" refers to the strong feelings felt by those who never overcame the initial feeling of inferiority. Leads to feelings of worthlessness and mistrust in others. "Superiority Complex" an exaggerated opinion of one's abilities. This leads to a self-centered, vain person. TERM 22
Horney and the Need for Security
DEFINITION 22 A child's caregivers must provide a sense of security for a healthy personality to develop. "Basic Anxiety" Found in children who's parents do not lead them to feel secure. Develop a feeling of helplessness ad insecurity in a hostile world. Moving toward people- compliant, submissive person. Moving against people- aggressive, domineering person. Moving away from people- detached, aloof person. TERM 23
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
DEFINITION 23 The motivational componant in Maslow's theory of personality in which our innate needs that motivate our behavior are heirarchically arranged in a pyramid shape. From bottom to top, the needs are physiological, sefety, belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization. TERM 24
Self- Actualization
DEFINITION 24 The fullest realization of a person's potential. Becoming all that one can be. Accept themselves, others, and the natural world for what they are; having a need for privacy and only a few very close, emotional relationships; being autonomous and independent, very creative. "Peak Experiences" deep insight where you experience whatever you are doing as fully as possible. TERM 25
Conditions of Worth
DEFINITION 25 The behaviors and attitudes for which other people, starting with out parents, will give us positive regard.
Attribution
The process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others. TERM 32
Self-Serving Bias
DEFINITION 32 The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably. TERM 33
Traits
DEFINITION 33 The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person. TERM 34
Personality Inventory
DEFINITION 34 An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to her or not. TERM 35
Projective Test
DEFINITION 35 A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perceptions of the stimuli.
Abnormal Psychology
The scientific study of mental disorders and their treatment. TERM 37
Pesonality Disorder
DEFINITION 37 A disorder characterized by inflexible, long standing personality traits that lead to behavior that impairs social fuctioning and deviates from cultural norms. TERM 38
Bio-psycho-social Approach
DEFINITION 38 Explaining abnormality as the result of the interation among biological, psychological (behavioral and cognitive) and social or cultural factors. TERM 39
Anxiety Disorders
DEFINITION 39 Disorders in which excessive anxiety leads to personal distress and atypical, maladaptive, and irrational behavior. TERM 40
Specific Phobia
DEFINITION 40 An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable.
Obsession
A persistent intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety. TERM 47
Compulsion
DEFINITION 47 A repetitive and rigid behavior that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety. TERM 48
Mood Disorders
DEFINITION 48 Disorders that involve dramatic changes in a person's emotional mood that are excessive and unwarranted. TERM 49
Major Depressive Disorder
DEFINITION 49 A mood disorder in which the person has experienced one or more major depressive episodes. TERM 50
Major Depressive Episode
DEFINITION 50 An episode characterized by symptoms such as feelings of intense hopelessness, low self-esteem and worthlessness, and extreme fatigue, dramatic changes in eating and sleeping behavio, inability to concentrate, and greatly diminished interest in family, friends, and activities for a period of two weeks or more.
Manic Episode
An episode caracterized by abnormally elevated mood in which the person experiences symptoms such as inflated self-esteem with grandiose delusions, a decreased need for sleep, constant talking, distractibility, restlessness, and poor judgment for a period of atleast a week. TERM 52
Bipolar Disorder
DEFINITION 52 A mood disorder in which recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes occur. TERM 53
Psychotic Disorder
DEFINITION 53 A disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality. TERM 54
Hallucination
DEFINITION 54 A false sensory perception. TERM 55
Schizophrenia
DEFINITION 55 A psychotic disorder in which at least two of the following symptoms are present most of the time during a one month period- Hallucinations delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms such as loss of emotion. Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, Residual.
Transference
When the patient tranfers their attitudes about others to the therapist. TERM 62
Positive Transference
DEFINITION 62 Developing warm feelings towards the therapist. TERM 63
Negative Transference
DEFINITION 63 Displacement of hostility for authority figures (like a parent) to one's therapist. TERM 64
Resistance
DEFINITION 64 When the patient does not want to interpret situations and resists therapist- usually at an important point-because of anxiety. TERM 65
Behavioral Contracting
DEFINITION 65 When the therapist and client agree on behavior and goals for change (often written down) Including the reinforcements for meeting the goals (can include penalties and privileges.)
Repression
Unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious. EXAMPLE: Not remembering a traumatic incident in which you witnessed a crime. TERM 67
Regression
DEFINITION 67 Reverting back to immature behavior from earlier stage of dvelopment. EXAMPLE: Throwing temper tantrums as an adult when you don't get yur way. TERM 68
Displacement
DEFINITION 68 Redirecting unacceptable feelings from original source to a safer, substitute target. EXAMPLE: Taking your anger toward your boss out on your spouse or children by yelling at them and not your boss. TERM 69
Sublimination
DEFINITION 69 Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior. EXAMPLE: Channeling aggressive drives into playing football or inappropriate sexual desires into art. TERM 70
Reaction Formation
DEFINITION 70 Acting in exactly the opposite way to one's unacceptable impulses. EXAMPLE: Being overprotective of and lavishing attention on an unwanted child.
