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FINAL EXAM, part 2 | BIOL - Biology 2 - Intermediate, Quizzes of Biology

review cards Class: BIOL - Biology 2 - Intermediate; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: University of Wisconsin-La Crosse; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 05/12/2010

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TERM 1
Mechanoreceptors
DEFINITION 1
Mechanical (response to touch or pressure)
TERM 2
Chemoreceptors
DEFINITION 2
A chemosensor, also known as chemoreceptor, is a sensory
receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an action
potential.
TERM 3
Photoreceptors
DEFINITION 3
(response to photons)
TERM 4
Thermoreceptors
DEFINITION 4
(respond to temperatures in certain thermal ranges)
TERM 5
Electromagnetic receptors
DEFINITION 5
(electromagnetic radiation/fields) : Energy-related
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Mechanoreceptors

Mechanical (response to touch or pressure) TERM 2

Chemoreceptors

DEFINITION 2 A chemosensor, also known as chemoreceptor, is a sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an action potential. TERM 3

Photoreceptors

DEFINITION 3 (response to photons) TERM 4

Thermoreceptors

DEFINITION 4 (respond to temperatures in certain thermal ranges) TERM 5

Electromagnetic receptors

DEFINITION 5 (electromagnetic radiation/fields) : Energy-related

Nociceptors

(pain): require a greater stimulous to create a response, higher threshold TERM 7

sensory systems in cephalopods so much

more complex than in other mollusks?

DEFINITION 7 Cephalopods, have a camera eye, and a TRUE BRAIN, ganglia concentration, and giant motor axons (help it move EXTREMELY fast) TERM 8

the general flow of information from

stimulation to response

DEFINITION 8 After integration signals are sent from the nervous center to an effector, usually a muscle or a gland cell (hormones), initiates a response to the perceived stimuli TERM 9

three general kinds of neurons? What are

their functions?

DEFINITION 9 Sensory Neurons: information from a sensory receptor Motor Neurons: Transfers signals to effectors Interneurons: intermediate between sensory and motor neurons TERM 10

Nervous System Cnidarians:

DEFINITION 10 Posses nerve-net, transmission emanates from a point and spreads through the nerves. some have cnidocytes

parasites benefit from influencing host

nervous systems

It can make the host act in a way that best benifits the parasite. (think drowning grasshopper and nematodes) TERM 17

reflex arc? Why is it

important?

DEFINITION 17 shows how neuron types work together. relatively short response that begins with a stimulus, moves through a pathway, initiates some sort of response TERM 18

How does brain development reflect sensory

emphasis

DEFINITION 18 because the general pathway of stimulus and response is similar. the brain is the dominant sensory area TERM 19

Understand some of the key differences

between defense in plants and animals

DEFINITION 19 Animals can move, whereas plants remain stationary Determinant growth in animals and regeneration constraints TERM 20

Understand the key similarities between

defense in plants and animals

DEFINITION 20 Physical adaptions: external modification Chemical adaptions: direct production of defense chemicals, cascades that initiate defense responses symbioses: can help with defense

Know the major categories of defense in

animals and how these differ among the

different animal phyla.

Behavioral Physical Chemical TERM 22

Behavioral Defense

DEFINITION 22 Escape movement (short term/local scale) Migration (Long term/regional scale) Anti-Predator Responses (herding/schooling) Anti-Parasite Responses (higher temp environments) Anting (birds) Grooming TERM 23

Physical Defense

DEFINITION 23 (Modifications) Exterior: Hair (quills/spines) Armor (bone, scales) Morphology (Camo, mimeses, mimicry) TERM 24

Chemical Defenses

DEFINITION 24 Venom, Poison, Noxious substances TERM 25

Plant Defenses

DEFINITION 25 Spines: Modified Leaves (cacti) Thorns: Modified Stems (located on a node) (hawthorn) Prickles: Outgrowth of cortex and epidermis (rose) Trichomes: extensions of epidermal hairs

life-history and how trade-offs influence the

types of life histories that organisms exhibit.

The life history of an organism is the pattern of resource allocation that an organism exhibits during its life time TERM 32

Lacks hypothesis

DEFINITION 32 optimization of clutch sizes in birds. selection is expected to favor the clutch size that produces the most surviving offspring TERM 33

the role that defense can play in life history

evolution

DEFINITION 33 Cause a co-evolution, predator develops means of prey defense, then the prey builds back up its defense (ARMS RACE) BITCHES TERM 34

Fast Gradient

DEFINITION 34 Small, short-lived, early maturing, many progeny, small progeny TERM 35

Short-Gradient

DEFINITION 35 larger sizes, long-lived, late maturing, fewer progeny, larger sized offspring, parental care

semelparity

producing a lot of offspring in a single events TERM 37

iteroparity

DEFINITION 37 adults produce offsping over many years TERM 38

sexual reproduction

DEFINITION 38 External Fertilization (mass) Internal Fertilization (sperm close to egg) Self-Fertilization (hermaphroditic animals only) TERM 39

asexual reproduction

DEFINITION 39 binary fission (Bacteria Protists) mitosis (Protists) budding (Bacteria, Protists, Yeast) fragmentation (Sponges) regeneration (Echinoderms) parthenogenesis (cloning, virgin birth, some fishes do this) TERM 40

Red Queen Hypothesis

DEFINITION 40 Have to keep developing as quickly as possible to keep ahead of parasites, predators, and other hazardous organisms

sperm

competition

SPERM complete to fertilize an egg TERM 47

cryptic female choice

DEFINITION 47 female chooses who they breed with TERM 48

polygamy

DEFINITION 48 male multiple partners TERM 49

polyandry

DEFINITION 49 female multiple partners TERM 50

protogyny

DEFINITION 50 female becomes male

protandry

male becomes a female TERM 52

simultaneous hermaphrodites

DEFINITION 52 both sexes at same time TERM 53

sequential hermaphrodites

DEFINITION 53 start as one become another TERM 54

Mimesis

DEFINITION 54 imitation of particular objects in the environment; TERM 55

Mimicry

DEFINITION 55 mimicking a species that is distasteful, poisonous

Parasitism

get the nutrition from living organisms, harming the host TERM 62

Symbiosis

DEFINITION 62 interaction between species TERM 63

Mutualism

DEFINITION 63 get their mutual nutrition from living organisms both organisms benefit TERM 64

Phoresis

DEFINITION 64 neither organism benefits migration TERM 65

Predation

DEFINITION 65 predation describes a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey, (the organism that is attacked).

symbiosis vs. cooperation

symbiosis requires each other cooperation is in the same species, and more of a defense mechanism TERM 67

life history strategies for plants, fungi and

other organisms that dont move.

DEFINITION 67 they get big! toxic, TERM 68

parasite

DEFINITION 68 something that lives off another organism for its own benefit TERM 69

parasite important

DEFINITION 69 leading cause of death and morbidity, regulate populations TERM 70

Will parasites always evolve towards reduced

pathogenicity? Why or why not?

DEFINITION 70 No, if being deadly to the hosts helps them spread they will continue to KILL