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final exam, part 1 | BIOL - Biology 1 - Introduction, Quizzes of Biology

final exam Class: BIOL - Biology 1 - Introduction; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: SUNY at Albany; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Quizzes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 12/07/2009

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TERM 1
hypothesis
DEFINITION 1
A hypothesis (from Greek '; plural hypotheses) is a proposed
explanation for an observable phenomenon.
TERM 2
theory
DEFINITION 2
a hypothesis that a consensus of community agrees is
probably true because evidence supports the explanation
offered and new evidence can't disprove it
TERM 3
law
DEFINITION 3
universally accepted facts of the physical world
TERM 4
intelligent design
DEFINITION 4
Intelligent design is the assertion that "certain features of the
universe and of living things are best e xplained by an intelligent
cause, not an undirected process su ch as natural selection." It is a
modern form of the traditional teleolo gical argument for the
existence of God, but one which avo ids specifying the nature or
identity of the designer.
TERM 5
natural selection
DEFINITION 5
Natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that
make it more likely for an organism to survive and
successfully reproduce become more common in a
population over successive generations. CHANGE IN ALLELE
FREQUENCIES Occurs in individuals
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hypothesis

A hypothesis (from Greek '; plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon. TERM 2

theory

DEFINITION 2 a hypothesis that a consensus of community agrees is probably true because evidence supports the explanation offered and new evidence can't disprove it TERM 3

law

DEFINITION 3 universally accepted facts of the physical world TERM 4

intelligent design

DEFINITION 4 Intelligent design is the assertion that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." It is a modern form of the traditional teleological argument for the existence of God, but one which avoids specifying the nature or identity of the designer. TERM 5

natural selection

DEFINITION 5 Natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations. CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES Occurs in individuals

adaption

Adaptation is the process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. TERM 7

population

DEFINITION 7 individuals of the same species, living in the same area, at the same time TERM 8

descent with modification

DEFINITION 8 change over time produced modern species from ancestral species TERM 9

geological time scale

DEFINITION 9 time scale based on fossils TERM 10

vestigal trait

DEFINITION 10 Vestigiality describes homologous characters of organisms which have seemingly lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution.

mutation

modifies allele frequencies by continually introducing new alleles TERM 17

heterozygote

advantage

DEFINITION 17 A heterozygote advantage (heterozygous advantage) describes the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygote dominant or homozygote recessive genotype. TERM 18

directional selection

DEFINITION 18 In population genetics, directional selection occurs when natural selection favors a single phenotype and therefore allele frequency continuously shifts in one direction. TERM 19

stabilizing selection

DEFINITION 19 Stabilizing selection, also referred to as purifying selection or ambidirectional selection, is a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value. TERM 20

founder effect

DEFINITION 20 In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

population bottleneck

A population bottleneck (or genetic bottleneck) is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing. TERM 22

nonrandom mating

DEFINITION 22 results in inbreeding sexual selection TERM 23

hardy weinberg principal

DEFINITION 23 The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant-that is, they are in equilibrium-from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced. TERM 24

biological species concept

DEFINITION 24 populations are evolutionary independent if they are reproductively isolated from each other and don't breed prezygotic and postzygotic TERM 25

morphospecies concept

DEFINITION 25 evolutionary independent lineages if they are different in size, shape, or other morphological features

sympatric speciation

In evolutionary biology and biogeography, sympatric and sympatry are terms referring to organisms whose ranges overlap or are even identical, so that they occur together at least in some places. TERM 32

polyploidy

DEFINITION 32 Polyploidy occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. TERM 33

fusion of

populations

DEFINITION 33 gene flow occurs and may erase distinctions between the two populations TERM 34

reinforcement

DEFINITION 34 selection for traits that isolate populations reproductively TERM 35

hybrid

zones

DEFINITION 35 geographic area where interbreeding between two populations occurs and hybrid offspring are common. can lead to extinction but sometimes leads to origination of a new species

homology

traits that are similar due to common ancestry TERM 37

homoplasy

DEFINITION 37 occurs when traits are similar due to reasons other than common ancestry TERM 38

convergent evolution

DEFINITION 38 when natural selection favors similar solutions to the problems posed by a similar way of life common cause of homoplasy TERM 39

cambrian explosion

DEFINITION 39 The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was the apparently rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animals around , as evidenced by the fossil record. most evolutionary change in history TERM 40

hox genes

DEFINITION 40 help specify the location and shape of genes found limbs, antenna, and many other key structures "new genes, new bodies" hypothesis- number of hox genes expanded over time and appear to have been duplicated several times.. duplication of hox genes has been important in making the elaboration of animal body plans possible

landscapes

Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including physical elements such as landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements like lighting and weather conditions, and human elements like human activity and the built environment. TERM 47

biomes

DEFINITION 47 Biomes are climatically and geographically defined areas of ecologically similar climatic conditions such as communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms, and are often referred to as ecosystems. TERM 48

ecosystems

DEFINITION 48 The term ecosystem refers to the combined physical and biological components of an environment. TERM 49

littoral zone

DEFINITION 49 shallow waters along shoer TERM 50

limnetic zone

DEFINITION 50 The limnetic zone is the well-lit, open surface waters in a lake, away from the shore.

benthic zone

The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. TERM 52

photic zone

DEFINITION 52 The photic zone or euphotic zone (Greek 'well lit') is the depth of the water in a lake or ocean, that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. TERM 53

aphotic zone

DEFINITION 53 The aphotic zone (aphotic from Greek prefix + "without light") is the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight. TERM 54

calvin cycle

DEFINITION 54 The Calvin cycle or Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. TERM 55

grana

DEFINITION 55 thylakoids stacked together. where ATP is produced

trophic levels

In ecology, trophic dynamics is the system of trophic levels (Greek , troph, food or feeding), which describes the position that an organism occupies in a food chain - what an organism eats, and what eats the organism. TERM 62

biomass

DEFINITION 62 Biomass, a renewable energy source, is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. TERM 63

keystone species

DEFINITION 63 species that has a much greater impact on the surround species than it's abundance would suggest TERM 64

fundamental niche

DEFINITION 64 the ecological space that a species occupies in its habitat in the absence of competitors TERM 65

realized niche

DEFINITION 65 the ecological niche that a species occupies in the presence of competitors

inducible defenses

defenses only produced when threatened TERM 67

constitutive/standing defenses

DEFINITION 67 defenses that are always present ex: camouflage, mimicry TERM 68

life tables

DEFINITION 68 summarize how likely it is that individuals of each age class in a population will survive and reproduce TERM 69

survivorship

DEFINITION 69 proportion of offspring produced that survive to a certain age type1: young=high, old=low (humans) type2: steady (songbirds) type3: young=low, high= old (plants) TERM 70

fecundity

DEFINITION 70 number of female offspring produced

gametogenesis

formation of gametes TERM 77

acrosome

DEFINITION 77 head region of sperm- contains nucleus TERM 78

cortical

granules

DEFINITION 78 small vesicles filled with enzymes that are activated during fertilization- found in eggs TERM 79

vitelline envelope

DEFINITION 79 aka zona pullucida- glycoproteins that surrounds the egg. sometimes a jelly layer surrounds this to envelope the entire egg TERM 80

acrosomal reaction

DEFINITION 80 triggered by contact between the sperm's head and the jelly layer

cleavage

rapid cell divisions that take place after fertilization TERM 82

blastomeres

DEFINITION 82 cells created by cleavage divisions TERM 83

blastula

DEFINITION 83 the embryo consisting of a mass of blastomere cells, after cleavage is complete TERM 84

gastrulation

DEFINITION 84 Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of most animal embryos, during which the morphology of the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration, resulting in the formation of a gastrula TERM 85

germ

layers

DEFINITION 85 the three primary tissue layers resulting from gastrulation Ectoderm (outside), mesoderm (middle), Endoderm (inside)

notochord

The notochord is a flexible, rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. TERM 92

neural tube

DEFINITION 92 In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. TERM 93

somites

DEFINITION 93 A somite (or primitive segment in older texts) is a division of the body of an animal. form on both sides of the neural tube, down the length of the body TERM 94

determination

DEFINITION 94 when somite cells become irreversibly determined- they will eventually differentiate into a specific cell type, based on their location within the somite TERM 95

connective tissue

DEFINITION 95 Connective tissue is a form of fibrous tissue, provides packing material b/w organs and padding ex: bone, cartilage, blood

nervous tissue

consists of neurons, have projections that contact each other, regulate ion concentration TERM 97

muscle tissue

DEFINITION 97 functions with movement skeletal, cardiac, smooth TERM 98

epithelial tissue

DEFINITION 98 cover outside of body, cover surfaces of organs TERM 99

conformational homeostasis

DEFINITION 99 conforming to environment TERM 100

regulatory homeostasis

DEFINITION 100 adapting to the environment