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Management
the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources. TERM 2
Organization
DEFINITION 2 a social entity that is goal directed and deliberately structured. TERM 3
Efficiency
DEFINITION 3 the amount of resources - raw materials, money, and people
- used to produce a desired volume of output. TERM 4
Effectiveness
DEFINITION 4 the degree to which the organization achieves a stated goal. TERM 5
Performance
DEFINITION 5 the organization's ability to attain its goals by using resources in an efficient and effective manner.
Role
set of expectations for one's behavior. TERM 7
Interim
Managers
DEFINITION 7 not affiliated with any particular organization but work on a project-by-project basis or provide expertise to an organization in a specific area. TERM 8
Customer Relationship Management
DEFINITION 8 system that uses information technology to keep in close touch with customers, collect and manage large amounts of customer data, and provide superior customer value. TERM 9
Outsourcing
DEFINITION 9 contracting out selected functions or activities to other organizations that can do the work more efficiently. TERM 10
Social Forces
DEFINITION 10 aspects of a society that guide and influence relationships among people, such as their values, needs, and standards of behavior.
Administrative Principles
a subfield of the classical perspective that focuses on the total organization rather than the individual worker and delineates the management functions of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. TERM 17
Humanistic Perspective
DEFINITION 17 emphasizes understanding human behavior, needs, and attitudes in the workplace. TERM 18
Human Relations Movement
DEFINITION 18 stresses the satisfaction of employees' basic needs as the key to increased productivity. TERM 19
Hawthorne Studies
DEFINITION 19 important in shaping ideas concerning how managers should treat workers. TERM 20
Human Resources Perspective
DEFINITION 20 suggests jobs should be designed to meet people's higher- level needs by allowing employees to use their full potential.
Behavioral Sciences Approach
draws from psychology, sociology, and other social sciences to develop theories about human behavior and interaction in an organizational setting. TERM 22
Quantitative Perspective
DEFINITION 22 uses mathematics, statistical techniques, and computer technology to facilitate management decision making, particularly for complex problems. TERM 23
System
DEFINITION 23 set of interrelated parts that function as a whole to achieve a common purpose. TERM 24
Systems
Thinking
DEFINITION 24 looking not just at discrete parts of an organizational situation but also at the continually changing interactions among the parts. TERM 25
Subsystems
DEFINITION 25 parts of a system that depend on one another for their functioning.
Task
Environment
includes the sectors that conduct day-to-day transactions with the organization and directly influence its basic operations and performance. TERM 32
International Dimension
DEFINITION 32 represents events originating in foreign countries as well as opportunities for U.S. companies in other countries. TERM 33
Technological Dimension
DEFINITION 33 includes scientific and technological advances in society. TERM 34
Sociocultural Dimension
DEFINITION 34 includes demographic characteristics, norms, customs, and values of a population within which the organization operates. TERM 35
Legal-political Dimension
DEFINITION 35 includes government regulations at the local, state, and federal levels, as well as political activities designed to influence company behavior.
Pressure Groups
groups that work within the legal-political framework to influence companies to behave in socially responsible ways. TERM 37
Internal
Environment
DEFINITION 37 includes elements within the organization's boundaries such as employees, management, and corporate culture. TERM 38
Natural Dimension
DEFINITION 38 includes all elements that occur naturally on earth, including plants, animals, rocks, and natural resources such as air, water, and climate. TERM 39
Customers
DEFINITION 39 part of the task environment and include people and organizations that acquire goods or services from the organization. TERM 40
Competitors
DEFINITION 40 organizations within the same industry or type of business that compete for the same set of customers.
Symbol
an object, act, or event that conveys meaning to others. TERM 47
Story
DEFINITION 47 a narrative based on true events and is repeated frequently and shared among organizational employees. TERM 48
Hero
DEFINITION 48 a figure who exemplifies the deeds, character, and attributes of a strong culture. TERM 49
Slogan
DEFINITION 49 succinctly expresses a key corporate value. TERM 50
Ceremonies
DEFINITION 50 planned activities at special events, to reinforce company values.
Adaptability Culture
characterized by values that support the company's ability to interpret and translate signals from the environment into new behavior responses. TERM 52
Achievement Culture
DEFINITION 52 a results-oriented culture that values competitiveness, personal initiative, and achievement. TERM 53
Involvement Culture
DEFINITION 53 places high value on meeting the needs of employees and values cooperation and equality. TERM 54
Consistency Culture
DEFINITION 54 values and rewards a methodical, rational, orderly way of doing things. TERM 55
High-performance Culture
DEFINITION 55 when managers emphasize both values and business results.
Countertrade
the barter of products for other products rather than the sale of products for currency. TERM 62
International Management
DEFINITION 62 the management of business operations conducted in more than one country. TERM 63
Infrastructure
DEFINITION 63 a country's physical facilities such as highways, utilities, and airports that support economic activities. TERM 64
Political Risk
DEFINITION 64 a company's risk of loss of assets, earning power, or managerial control due to politically based events or actions by host governments. TERM 65
Political
Instability
DEFINITION 65 includes events such as riots, revolutions, or government upheavals that can affect the operations of an international company.
Power Distance
the degree to which people accept inequality TERM 67
Uncertainty Acoidance
DEFINITION 67 characterized by people's intolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity and the resulting support for beliefs that promise certainty and conformity. TERM 68
Individualism
DEFINITION 68 a preference for a loosely knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves. TERM 69
Collectivism
DEFINITION 69 a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which individuals look after one another and organizations protect their members' interests. TERM 70
Masculinity
DEFINITION 70 a cultural preference for achievement, heroism, assertiveness, work centrality, and material success.
Ethnocentrism
the natural tendency among people to regard their own culture as superior to others. TERM 77
Cultural Intelligence (CQ)
DEFINITION 77 a person's ability to use reasoning and observation to interpret culturally unfamiliar situations and know how to respond appropriately. TERM 78
Culture Shock
DEFINITION 78 feelings of confusion, disorientation, and anxiety that result from being constantly confronted with unfamiliar cues about how to behave. TERM 79
Euro
DEFINITION 79 single European currency that has replaced the currencies of 16 EU member nations. TERM 80
Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP)
DEFINITION 80 concept that proposes that corporations can alleviate poverty and other social ills, as well as make significant profits, by selling to the world's poor.
Ethics
the code of moral principles and values that governs the behaviors of a person or group with respect to what is right or wrong. TERM 82
Ethical Dilemma
DEFINITION 82 a situation in which all alternative choices or behaviors have potentially negative consequences. Right and wrong cannot be clearly distinguished. TERM 83
Utilitarian Approach
DEFINITION 83 says the ethical choice is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number. TERM 84
Individualism Approach
DEFINITION 84 suggests that actions are ethical when they promote the individual's best long-term interests, because with everyone pursuing self-interest, the greater good is ultimately served. TERM 85
Moral Rights
Approach
DEFINITION 85 says that ethical decisions are those that best maintain the fundamental rights of the people affected by them.
Practical Approach
bases decisions on prevailing standards of the profession and the larger society, taking the interests of all stakeholders into account. TERM 92
Corporate Social Responsibility
DEFINITION 92 refers to the obligation of organizational managers to make choices and take actions that will enhance the welfare and interests of society as well as the organization. TERM 93
Stakeholder
DEFINITION 93 refers to any group within or outside the organization that has a stake in the organization's performance. TERM 94
Sustainability
DEFINITION 94 economic development that generates wealth and meets the needs of the current population while preserving the environment for the needs of future generations. TERM 95
Discretionary Responsibility
DEFINITION 95 purely voluntary and is guided by the organization's desire to make social contributions not mandated by economics, laws, or ethics.
Code of Ethics
a formal statement of the organization's values regarding ethics and social issues. TERM 97
Ethics Committee
DEFINITION 97 a group of executives charged with overseeing company ethics by ruling on questionable issues and disciplining violators. TERM 98
Chief Ethics Officer
DEFINITION 98 manager who oversees all aspects of ethics and legal compliance. TERM 99
Ethics
Training
DEFINITION 99 used to help employees deal with ethical questions and translate the values stated in a code of ethics into everyday behavior. TERM 100
Whistle-blowing
DEFINITION 100 the disclosure by employees of unethical, illegitimate, or illegal practices by the organizations.
