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Problem with identifying problems
(diagnosing)
Symptoms and signs are not always "cut and dry" TERM 2
differential problems in diagnosing
DEFINITION 2 May seem like one problem, but turn out to be something completely different and can be fatal mistake (i.e. person seems depressed, then dies bc of mini strokes that caused depression symptoms). TERM 3
delerium
DEFINITION 3 Delirium tremens, an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol, first described in 1813. Benzodiazepines are the treatment of choice for delirium tremens (DT). TERM 4
DSM criteria for delerium
DEFINITION 4 Impairment of orientation, comprehension, learning, memory, visual/perceptual function, executive function, and intellectual function. TERM 5
cerebral infections
DEFINITION 5 Infections of the brain and/or spinal cord.
cerebral abscess
Infection contained within connective tissue. TERM 7
encephalitis
DEFINITION 7 An acute inflammation of the brain, "sleeping sickness," deep sleep and hyper when awake, personality problems afterward. TERM 8
what transmits encephalitis?
DEFINITION 8 Mosquitoes and ticks. TERM 9
Crutzfeldt-Jakob
DEFINITION 9 Mad Cow disease, no cure, gradual memory loss, confused, motor skills deteriorate (takes 4 months or less). TERM 10
How long does Mad Cow incubate?
DEFINITION 10 10-15 years
disorder meningitis causes?
Mental retardation, really stiff neck that doesnt get better. TERM 17
neurosyphilis
DEFINITION 17 Syphilis that infects brain, sexually transmitted. TERM 18
stages of neurosyphilis
DEFINITION 18 Shanker (red sore) that lasts one day and usually on penis or inside vagina with virus burrowing into body, rash on chest 3- 4 weeks after contact with virus, no symptoms for 10- years and dies from damage to whole body. TERM 19
Where does HIV hide in the body?
DEFINITION 19 Central Nervous system. TERM 20
How many Americans have traumatic brain
injury every year by car accidents?
DEFINITION 20 2 million
concussion
Most common type of traumatic brain injury. Jars brain against skull, resulting in headaches and dizziness for months or even years after accident. TERM 22
contusion
DEFINITION 22 Relatively minor hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding interstitial tissues. Also called Shaken Baby syndrome, can lapse into coma or die. TERM 23
Laceration (Penetrating Head Injury)
DEFINITION 23 Foreign objects go through brain, most will die, or survivors have severe brain problems. TERM 24
Cost of rehabilitation for brain injury survivors
DEFINITION 24 $2 million. TERM 25
Group with most head injuries from car
accidents
DEFINITION 25 young people
embolus
Clot in blood vessel in brain cutting off blood supply. TERM 32
what can cause an embolus?
DEFINITION 32 Blood clot, plaque, chunk of fat, or air bubble from receiving an injection. TERM 33
thrombus
DEFINITION 33 Fatty material building up on blood vessel in brain and eventually cuts off blood supply. Very gradual. TERM 34
signs of a thrombus
DEFINITION 34 No pain involved, so recent behavioral problems are warning sign because of reduced blood supply to brain. TERM 35
hemhorrage
DEFINITION 35 Blood vessel in brain breaks and drowns one part of the brain while starving another.
aneurysm
Weakened area of a blood vessel in the brain, bulges out and eventually breaks. TERM 37
aphasia
DEFINITION 37 Cannot talk or understand language anymore because of damage to Broca's and Wernicke's areaa in brain by stroke. TERM 38
which hemisphere of brain has the most
strokes?
DEFINITION 38 Left. TERM 39
agnosia
DEFINITION 39 Can no longer name an ordinary object (i.e. pencil), yet can still use it as motor function is still okay (i.e. write with pencil) after a stroke occured. TERM 40
apraxia
DEFINITION 40 Voluntary movement is no longer controllable after a stroke (i.e. moving one limb instead of moving the other as instructed by the doctor).
(Primary) Intracerebral brain tumors
Grow from inside brain TERM 47
(Primary) Extracerebral brain tumors
DEFINITION 47 Grow on cortex or outer surface of brain while still inside skull, most common on children. TERM 48
Statistics regarding brain tumors
DEFINITION 48 100,000 of both metastatic and primary brain tumors, becoming more and more common in young people. TERM 49
causes of brain tumors
DEFINITION 49 Nutrasweet (carsinogenic) in diet sodas to replace sugar that was removed.Radiation from cellphones, left ear is where cellphone is usually at when talking and where most brain tumors are. TERM 50
treatment for brain tumors
DEFINITION 50 Surgery when operable (most of the time the tumor is not), chemotherapy injected into brain tumor (causing damage to healthy brain tissue in the process), and radiation (also damages healthy brain tissue in the process).
easiest brain tumor to remove
One near pituatary gland, above the soft palate of roof of mouth. TERM 52
degenerative disorders
DEFINITION 52 Umbrella term for the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. TERM 53
dementia
DEFINITION 53 Serious loss of cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging. TERM 54
statistics for degenerative disorders
DEFINITION 54 4-7% of people over 60 years old30% of people over 80 years old TERM 55
is dementia a given for elderly?
DEFINITION 55 No
Lewy body
Abnormal aggregates of protein that develop inside nerve cells in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and some other disorders. Occur all over brain. TERM 62
group with Lewy body disease most of all
DEFINITION 62 Males TERM 63
What disease does Lewy body often get
misdiagnosed as?
DEFINITION 63 Alzheimers because of fluctuating symptoms (i.e. can't remember spouse's name one day, yet remember it the next day). TERM 64
vascular dementia
DEFINITION 64 Several mini strokes throughout brain til an entire brain region is damaged. TERM 65
what two disorders destroy the Basal Ganglia
in the brain?
DEFINITION 65 Huntington's and Parkinson's
Huntington's disease
Genetic, starts around age 30, uncontrollable tremors, dementia, and cognitive degeneration. TERM 67
Parkinson's disease
DEFINITION 67 Not genetic (aluminum deposits in brain), tremors. TERM 68
treatment for alzheimers
DEFINITION 68 Increase acetylcholine levels in brain (Aricept to keep uptake down) and nicotine (increase levels). TERM 69
treatment for parkinson's
DEFINITION 69 Eldopa to increase dopamine. TERM 70
Korsakoff's
DEFINITION 70 A neurological disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. Common in chronic alcoholics as alcohol has no vitamins in it.
Addisons
Rare, chronic endocrine disorder wherein the adrenal glands produce insufficient steroid hormones. Too low of testosterone levels leading to depression-like symptoms. TERM 77
inhalants
DEFINITION 77 A broad range of drugs whose volatile vapors are taken in via the nose and trachea, mostly used by 12 year olds. TERM 78
carbon monoxide poisoning
DEFINITION 78 Leaking carbon monoxide, a odorless colorless poisonous gas, hemoglobin absorbs it instead of oxygen and causes painless death. TERM 79
result of carbon monoxide poisoning
DEFINITION 79 Dead body has red face, or if survived then memory loss, confusion, apathetic. TERM 80
epilepsy
DEFINITION 80 Common chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures, frontal lobes affected most of the time, cause is usually from car accident stroke or genetic.
partial epilepsy
Pause while talking then resume and don't know they paused. Only affects one spot in the brain. Common in children. Can turn into generalized epilepsy. TERM 82
generalized epilepsy
DEFINITION 82 Form of epilepsy characterised by generalised seizures with no apparent cause, full brain seizure. TERM 83
Petit Mal
DEFINITION 83 Absence seizures are one of several kinds of seizures, briefly lose consciousness and they dont remember episode. TERM 84
Grand Mal
DEFINITION 84 Type of generalized seizure that affects the entire brain, violent muscle contractions, seizure bounce back and forth. TERM 85
treatment for epilepsy
DEFINITION 85 Drugs (makes patients feel drugy though), slower reactions as a result.Surgery (remove focal point or part of brain that fires spontaneously), used on 20% of patients that don't respond to drugs.Corpus Callosum surgery (split brain if focal point is too deep in brain).
How many children have ADHD?
5%, with 5 males having it to 1 female. TERM 92
Why are there more males diagnosed with
ADHD?
DEFINITION 92 Boys may have more freedom and get to do what they want more often, while girls are taught to be more polite and quiet. TERM 93
symptoms of ADHD
DEFINITION 93 Extreme restlessness, poor attention span (can't finish even a simple task), disorganized (do random things for silly or no reason). TERM 94
Prognosis of ADHD
DEFINITION 94 Constancy (symptoms are situational or pervasive, only in certain situations like at home or are present all the time) TERM 95
conduct disorders
DEFINITION 95 Antisocial personality disorder in children.
DSM criteria for conduct disorders in children
Three serious infarctions, done before age 18, and poor adjustment to school and home life. TERM 97
Categories of antisocial children
DEFINITION 97 Aggressive towards people or animals, vandalism, or serious violations of rules. TERM 98
statistics of antisocial children
DEFINITION 98 4-16% of children, 12 males to 1 female. TERM 99
Antisocial behavioral differences between
males and females
DEFINITION 99 Antisocial males are more violent, antisocial females are bigger liars and thieves and may also prostitute themselves. TERM 100
age of onset for conduct disorders for children
DEFINITION 100 Before age 10
