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Environmental Terms Class: ENST 100 - Environment & Society; Subject: Environmental Studies; University: Illinois Wesleyan University; Term: Fall 2009;
Typology: Quizzes
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TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 John Wesley Powell -Wanted government intervention in order to settle the west and make it inhabitable for humans -Leads to the creation of the US Bureau of Reclamation, make use of nature for the benefit of civilized society -Sees nature by its benefit to humanity, "natural timber lands" (Utilitarian view) -Does note that this land cannot support huge populations because of resource limits TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 Teddy Roosevelt -Speech about the exploitation of natural resources in danger of exhaustion -Fears America will lose prestige because of its dependence on fossil fuels, being "reckless" -In reaction to Frederick Jackson Turner's The Closing of the American Frontier and his Frontier Theory. -No more frontier, we have reached the boundaries of our country, and thus cannot simply keep moving west when we run out of resources Argues for conservation of resource, limit use to prolong their existence TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 John Muir -Nature = God's country/holy which he captures through his poetic descriptions -Opposing movement to dam Hetch Hetchy in order to provide hydroelectric power for San Francisco after a fire -His actions/death lead to the establishment of the Natural Reclamation Act in 1916 which allows the federal government to preserve certain areas of land TERM 5
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DEFINITION 8 o (Human centered vs Environment centered)/ Judeo-Christian vs Native American -Book of Genesis- "Go forth and conquer", be "stewards of the land", "masters" -Separation of humans from nature, duality -Idea of superiority -Native Americans are one with nature, harmonious balance as part of a greater whole -They are just one of the world's species and they actively seek to remain at peace with their surroundings TERM 9
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DEFINITION 10 Limits to Growth (1972) -Ran computer simulations with the Club of Rome -5 factors "population, food production, industrialization, pollution, consumption of non renewable resources, analyzed to run simulators -Exponential growth in a finite system -> (Limits will be reached in 100 years, leading to a decline in population and industrial capacity) -Possible to alter these, but we need to change now -> Trade-offs b/w present and future benefits
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DEFINITION 17 Garrett Hardin -Selfishness and laissez faire lead to a destruction of common property -Ex; overfishing in the ocean, pollution of the air, waste in the waters -Deal by gov't stepping in to make public, or privatize land -Common property resources- classes of resources for which exclusion is difficult to control access (excludability characteristic) -Joint use involves subtractability- each user is capable of subtracting from other users Population is key contributor to this problem TERM 18
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DEFINITION 19 -Politics of Scarcity- by William Ophuls -Scarcity is root of all political evil, need authoritative political action -Democracy is too slow to deal with problems (Laissez faire capitalism) -Problems of collective action- strong individualism makes us weak as group -No sense of collective good, only self-interest -Ecological mandarins- highly educated gov't officials to make environmental decisions TERM 20
DEFINITION 20
o Regulatory agency spanning the gov't, use of experts, designed to be apolitical -Instruments Used: -Environmental impact assessment- statement of environmental impact for new projects or expansion of gov't agencies -Ban use of certain materials, specify which materials can be used -Standards (fines to enforce compliance) -Requiring the use of certain types of equipment/technology Mandating certain practices be implemented, ex; EIS TERM 22
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DEFINITION 23 o Principle framework used to make public spending decisions - Maximize net benefits (seen in monetary terms) by comparing the costs of benefits o Problems: -Doesnt factor externalities- (environmental costs, human health costs) -Damage/Costs that are not factored into the production costs of a variety of manufacturing processes (prices dont reflect ecological truth) TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 o Major concern of economists is maximizing output by optimizing efficiency -Creation of honest market to internalize externalities, prices tell "ecological truth" -Mechanisms: o Market incentives- taxes, subsidies -Discharge fees (pay for emitting), congestion fees (pay to enter city to cut down on traffic), rebates (cash for clunkers) o Privatization-people take better care of it if its theirs - Tradable permit system/cap and trade TERM 25
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