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Final Exam | ENST 100 - Environment & Society, Quizzes of Environmental Science

Environmental Terms Class: ENST 100 - Environment & Society; Subject: Environmental Studies; University: Illinois Wesleyan University; Term: Fall 2009;

Typology: Quizzes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 12/09/2009

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TERM 1
Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -
Wilderness Condition
DEFINITION 1
Roderick Nash -Nature was wild needed to be tamed, Garden
of Eden was natural -Feared because of actual danger
(Indians, beasts) and moral vacuum, no laws or civilization to
restrain the inherent flaws of humanity -Had to make land
useful in order to survive
TERM 2
Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -
Reclamation Idea
DEFINITION 2
John Wesley Powell -Wanted govern ment intervention in order to
settle the west and make it inhabita ble for humans -Leads to the
creation of the US Bureau of Reclam ation, make use of nature for
the benefit of civilized society -Sees n ature by its benefit to
humanity, "natural timber lands" (Uti litarian view) -Does note that
this land cannot support huge populat ions because of resource
limits
TERM 3
Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -
Conservation@White House
DEFINITION 3
Teddy Roosevelt -Speech about the e xploitation of natural
resources in danger of exhaustion -Fe ars America will lose prestige
because of its dependence on fossil f uels, being "reckless" -In
reaction to Frederick Jackson Turner 's The Closing of the American
Frontier and his Frontier Theory. -No more frontier, we have
reached the boundaries of our count ry, and thus cannot simply
keep moving west when we run out of resources Argues for
conservation of resource, limit use to prolong their existence
TERM 4
Nature as Sublime -Hetch Hetchy
DEFINITION 4
John Muir -Nature = God's country/ho ly which he captures through
his poetic descriptions -Opposing mov ement to dam Hetch Hetchy
in order to provide hydroelectric powe r for San Francisco after a
fire -His actions/death lead to the es tablishment of the Natural
Reclamation Act in 1916 which allow s the federal government to
preserve certain areas of land
TERM 5
Nature as Sublime -Walking and Walden
DEFINITION 5
Thoreau -Founder of Transcendentalism-focus on
interconnectedness of life and nature -Nature reflects
spiritual truths, humans need it to survive -Place of freedom,
away from cities
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Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -

Wilderness Condition

Roderick Nash -Nature was wild needed to be tamed, Garden

of Eden was natural -Feared because of actual danger

(Indians, beasts) and moral vacuum, no laws or civilization to

restrain the inherent flaws of humanity -Had to make land

useful in order to survive

TERM 2

Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -

Reclamation Idea

DEFINITION 2 John Wesley Powell -Wanted government intervention in order to settle the west and make it inhabitable for humans -Leads to the creation of the US Bureau of Reclamation, make use of nature for the benefit of civilized society -Sees nature by its benefit to humanity, "natural timber lands" (Utilitarian view) -Does note that this land cannot support huge populations because of resource limits TERM 3

Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -

Conservation@White House

DEFINITION 3 Teddy Roosevelt -Speech about the exploitation of natural resources in danger of exhaustion -Fears America will lose prestige because of its dependence on fossil fuels, being "reckless" -In reaction to Frederick Jackson Turner's The Closing of the American Frontier and his Frontier Theory. -No more frontier, we have reached the boundaries of our country, and thus cannot simply keep moving west when we run out of resources Argues for conservation of resource, limit use to prolong their existence TERM 4

Nature as Sublime -Hetch Hetchy

DEFINITION 4 John Muir -Nature = God's country/holy which he captures through his poetic descriptions -Opposing movement to dam Hetch Hetchy in order to provide hydroelectric power for San Francisco after a fire -His actions/death lead to the establishment of the Natural Reclamation Act in 1916 which allows the federal government to preserve certain areas of land TERM 5

Nature as Sublime -Walking and Walden

DEFINITION 5

Thoreau -Founder of Transcendentalism-focus on

interconnectedness of life and nature -Nature reflects

spiritual truths, humans need it to survive -Place of freedom,

away from cities

Nature as Sublime -Winter Creek

Kathleen Moore -An escape, place for finding oneself and

one's thoughts

TERM 7

Problems with the Sublime

DEFINITION 7

Problems: -They still see nature as separate, someplace else

-What about ordinary nature? Only worrying about sublime

views, not everyday grasses and trees. -People "escape" into

nature -Essentially, Cronon's arguments

TERM 8

Anthropocentrism v

Ecocentrism

DEFINITION 8 o (Human centered vs Environment centered)/ Judeo-Christian vs Native American -Book of Genesis- "Go forth and conquer", be "stewards of the land", "masters" -Separation of humans from nature, duality -Idea of superiority -Native Americans are one with nature, harmonious balance as part of a greater whole -They are just one of the world's species and they actively seek to remain at peace with their surroundings TERM 9

Nature as a Commodity

DEFINITION 9

o Sea World, using nature to sell products (advertising) -Ex;

Images of nature presentations -Nature as sublime

TERM 10

Limits to Growth/Carrying

Capacity/Exponential Growth -Meadows

DEFINITION 10 Limits to Growth (1972) -Ran computer simulations with the Club of Rome -5 factors "population, food production, industrialization, pollution, consumption of non renewable resources, analyzed to run simulators -Exponential growth in a finite system -> (Limits will be reached in 100 years, leading to a decline in population and industrial capacity) -Possible to alter these, but we need to change now -> Trade-offs b/w present and future benefits

Problems with Faustian Bargain/Alternative

Technologies/Bioremediation

-Extremely expensive, not yet widely available -

Ethanol/biofuels- plant based fuels that require more input

than they produce -Example of a Faustian Bargain- you are

losing more than gaining (technology) -selling your soul for

infinite knowledge

TERM 17

Tragedy of the Commons

DEFINITION 17 Garrett Hardin -Selfishness and laissez faire lead to a destruction of common property -Ex; overfishing in the ocean, pollution of the air, waste in the waters -Deal by gov't stepping in to make public, or privatize land -Common property resources- classes of resources for which exclusion is difficult to control access (excludability characteristic) -Joint use involves subtractability- each user is capable of subtracting from other users Population is key contributor to this problem TERM 18

Problems with Tragedy of the Commons

DEFINITION 18

-Assumes market economy -Assumes high population -British

land was not destroyed until it was fenced off and divided -

Mongolia's cashmere industry, worked fine until forced to

privatize -Native Americans

TERM 19

Scarcity Society

DEFINITION 19 -Politics of Scarcity- by William Ophuls -Scarcity is root of all political evil, need authoritative political action -Democracy is too slow to deal with problems (Laissez faire capitalism) -Problems of collective action- strong individualism makes us weak as group -No sense of collective good, only self-interest -Ecological mandarins- highly educated gov't officials to make environmental decisions TERM 20

Problems w/ Scarcity

Society

DEFINITION 20

-Not possible to remove democracy in America -People are

inherently suspicious of large government and gov't

intervention

Administrative Management (EPA)

o Regulatory agency spanning the gov't, use of experts, designed to be apolitical -Instruments Used: -Environmental impact assessment- statement of environmental impact for new projects or expansion of gov't agencies -Ban use of certain materials, specify which materials can be used -Standards (fines to enforce compliance) -Requiring the use of certain types of equipment/technology Mandating certain practices be implemented, ex; EIS TERM 22

problems w/ Admin.

Management

DEFINITION 22

-Biased, slow, no clear goals -Benefits of long term goals vs

need for short term results -Panglossian principle vs.

precautionary principle -When activity raises threat of harm

to human health or environment, precautionary measures

should be taken even if relationships aren'tt fully established

-Burden on producer, not victim

TERM 23

Cost-Benefit Analysis

DEFINITION 23 o Principle framework used to make public spending decisions - Maximize net benefits (seen in monetary terms) by comparing the costs of benefits o Problems: -Doesnt factor externalities- (environmental costs, human health costs) -Damage/Costs that are not factored into the production costs of a variety of manufacturing processes (prices dont reflect ecological truth) TERM 24

Environmental Economics (Cap and trade,

tax, contingent valuation) + Ecological

Economics (GNP v ANP, steady state society)

DEFINITION 24 o Major concern of economists is maximizing output by optimizing efficiency -Creation of honest market to internalize externalities, prices tell "ecological truth" -Mechanisms: o Market incentives- taxes, subsidies -Discharge fees (pay for emitting), congestion fees (pay to enter city to cut down on traffic), rebates (cash for clunkers) o Privatization-people take better care of it if its theirs - Tradable permit system/cap and trade TERM 25

Contingent Valuation

DEFINITION 25

determine values/costs of environmental damages/practices

-Cost of air pollution- factor in medical costs, lost workdays to

asthma, cost of smog, cost of rising temperatures