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FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE L102 Spring 2011 KEY WORDS, PHRASES AND CONCEPTS TO KNOW. NOT A COMPLETE LIST! BUT CLOSE. Chemistry of Life Molecule types Bond types Biological macromolecule types Proteins Polymer Amino acid Protein structure levels Enzyme Activation energy Active site Nucleic Acids and Carbohydrates Types of nucleic acids Nucleotide RNA hairpin Polysaccharide Lipids and Membranes Lipid bilayer Selective permeability Diffusion Osmosis Fluid-mosaic model Facilitated diffusion/passive transport Active transport Cell Structure and Function Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelle types Cellular Respiration and Fermentation ATP Aerobic vs. anaerobic Steps of respiration ATP synthase Fermentation
Photosynthesis Light-dependent reactions Pigments Calvin cycle Stomata Guard cell Gene Expression I Central dogma Genotype vs. phenotype Codon Biotechnology examples Gene Expression II Transcription RNA polymerase Translation Ribosome Types of RNA processing Plant Diversity Nonvascular plants Seedless vascular plants Seed plants Gymnosperm Angiosperm Pollen Seed Flower Fruit Plant Structure and Function Root/shoot Taproot/fibrous root Node Blade Petiole Meristem Plant Reproduction Perfect/imperfect flower Monoecious/dioecious plant Fertilization Embryogenesis
Animal Diversity II Bilateral animals Protostomes Lophotrochozoans (defining characteristic(s)) Ecdysozoans (defining characteristic(s)) Deuterostomes Echinoderms (defining characteristic(s)) Sea stars Sea urchins Chordates (defining characteristic(s)) Urochordates Cephalochordates Vertebrates (defining characteristic(s)) Fish Amphibians Reptiles Mammals (defining characteristic(s)) Monotremes (defining characteristic(s)) Marsupials (defining characteristic(s)) Eutherians (defining characteristic(s)) Animal Structure and Function Tissue types Organ/organ system Animal Reproduction Asexual reproduction types Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Viviparous/ovoviviparous/oviparous Animal Development Sperm structures Egg structures Acrosomal reaction Cleavage Blastomere Blastula Gastrula Gastrulation
Animal Circulation/Gas Exchange Gills Countercurrent exchange Tracheae Spiracle Positive vs negative pressure ventilation Alveoli Diaphragm Dead space Bird lungs Hemoglobin Bohr shift Fetal hemoglobin Heart chambers Arteries Capillaries Veins Blood flow pattern SA and AV nodes EKG Animal Nerve Function Neuron CNS PNS Types of neurons Reflex Dendrite Axon Resting potential Action potential Voltage-gated channels Refractory Schwann cells Nodes of Ranvier Synapse Neurotransmitter Summation PNS afferent division PNS efferent division Somatic system Autonomic system Parasympathetic system Sympathetic system Brain structures Corpus callosum
