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what does excretion eliminate?
nitrogenous wastes
TERM 2
What is NH2 converted to?
DEFINITION 2
NH3, urea, uric acid
TERM 3
What do human primary excrete?
DEFINITION 3
urea
TERM 4
What causes gout in humans?
DEFINITION 4
uric acid build up
TERM 5
Why is NH3 (ammonia) toxic to cells?
DEFINITION 5
1. cell necrosis due to membrane lipid destruction2. glucose
is 80% more likely to be metabolized anaerobically
What are the two ways to detoxify NH3?
1. excrete with a lot of water2. convert to nontoxic waste
TERM 7
Nitrogen richness:
DEFINITION 7
number of nitrogen per molecule
TERM 8
Which NH2 product gets rid of more nitrogen
per unit of energy?
DEFINITION 8
uric acid
TERM 9
How many nitrogen does the NH2 conversion
products have?
DEFINITION 9
Ammonia: 1Urea: 2Uric acid: 4
TERM 10
Advantages to Ammonotelism:
DEFINITION 10
1. No energy to excrete2. very water soluble3. eliminated
across any permeable membrane bathed by water
Who excretes urea?
1. mammals2. terrestrial amphibians3. lungfishes4.
chondrichthyeans
TERM 17
Advantages to uricotelism:
DEFINITION 17
1. less toxic2. minimal water loss
TERM 18
Disadvantages to uricotelism:
DEFINITION 18
1. most energy to assemble
TERM 19
Who are uricotelism?
DEFINITION 19
reptiles
TERM 20
Where do reptiles transport there uric acid?
DEFINITION 20
cloaca
What happens to uric acid once it enters the
cloaca?
joins with ions and forms percipitant (sodium urate)
TERM 22
What is eliminated from reptiles?
DEFINITION 22
sludge (sodium urate)
TERM 23
When does nitrogen elimination vary?
DEFINITION 23
in relation to water availability
TERM 24
nitrogen richness:
DEFINITION 24
number of nitrogen per molecule
TERM 25
What may counter osmotic dehydration in
chondrichthyes?
DEFINITION 25
urea production
An inmature salamander
produced?
urea
TERM 32
ontogeny:
DEFINITION 32
developmental change of an organism during its lifetime
TERM 33
Osmoregulation:
DEFINITION 33
maintenance relative constant osmotic concentrations of
body fluids(Water and solute balance)
TERM 34
What are the general functions of the kidneys
across taxa?
DEFINITION 34
1. nitrogenous waste removal2. osmoregulation
TERM 35
How is water lost in terrestrial
vertebrates?
DEFINITION 35
across the skin
Which group of organisms can lose and gain
water across their skin?
amphibians
TERM 37
Can terrestrial verts. lose water across their
skin?
DEFINITION 37
yes (mammals, reptiles (minimal), and amphibians
TERM 38
Can all terrestrial verts. grain water across
their skin?
DEFINITION 38
no, only amphibians
TERM 39
Ram ventilation:
DEFINITION 39
Type of vertebrate ventilation. water across gill curtain due
to forward swimming and opening the mouth.
TERM 40
Which species almost always use Ram
ventilation?
DEFINITION 40
tuna, mackerel, shark, allies, billfishes
Where does water enter the buccal cavity?
through the oral valve
TERM 47
once water has passed over the gill curtain,
water is O2:
DEFINITION 47
poor
TERM 48
During the suction phase of the dual pump,
what happens to the pressure?
DEFINITION 48
pressure decreases
TERM 49
Where does O2 poor water leave the
opercular cavity?
DEFINITION 49
through the O2 valve
TERM 50
During what phase is pressured increased in
the buccal and opercular cavities?
DEFINITION 50
force phase
When does muscle relaxation occur during
the dual pump?
force phase
TERM 52
The water leaving through the opercular valve
is:
DEFINITION 52
O2 poor and CO2 rich
TERM 53
Which pump does air-breathing fishes use?
DEFINITION 53
pulse pump/ buccal pump
TERM 54
Which type of air breathing fishes use a pulse
pump?
DEFINITION 54
lung fishes
TERM 55
Which organisms use the pulse/buccal
pump?
DEFINITION 55
lungfishesamphibians
Water ventilation is also known as:
dual pump
TERM 62
What two pumps compose the dual pump?
DEFINITION 62
buccal pumpopercular pump
TERM 63
Which type of ventilation allows for the
movement of water across the gill curtain
with out swimming?
DEFINITION 63
dual pump/ water ventilation
TERM 64
What happens during the suction phase of
water ventilation?
DEFINITION 64
the buccal cavity and the opercular cavity expand
TERM 65
What happens to the pressure in the buccal
and opercular cavities once the muscles of
the floor contract?
DEFINITION 65
pressure decreases
What happens to the pressure in the cavities
as the cavities compress:
pressure increases
TERM 67
What kind of pump does air breathing fishes
use?
DEFINITION 67
pulse pumpbuccal pump
TERM 68
What two phases make up the dual pump
system?
DEFINITION 68
1. suction2. force
TERM 69
What type of pump does air breathing fishes
use?
DEFINITION 69
pulse pumpbuccal pump
TERM 70
A derived trait of mammals that aids in
ventilation is:
DEFINITION 70
diaphram
What happens during the expulsion phase?
1. buccal cavity compresses2. oral valve opens3. glottis
closes4. spent air expelled
TERM 77
What happens during the intake step?
DEFINITION 77
1. buccal cavity expands2. oral valve opens3. glottis is
closed4. fresh air enters
TERM 78
What happens during the compression
phase?
DEFINITION 78
1. the buccal cavity compresses2. oral valve closes3. glottis
opens4. fresh air enters lungs
TERM 79
which taxa require considerable less oxygen?
DEFINITION 79
ectothermic
TERM 80
Which pressure changes help lung fish
breath?
DEFINITION 80
water pressure
Which two species uses a pulse/buccal
pump?
1. lungfishes2. amphibians
TERM 82
Which species uses a modified pulse/buccal
pump to ventilate?
DEFINITION 82
frogs
TERM 83
What do frogs lack that mammals
have?
DEFINITION 83
1. no diaphragm2. no ribs
TERM 84
What is the oral valve in frogs?
DEFINITION 84
nares
TERM 85
Which muscles in frogs expel the air out of
the lungs?
DEFINITION 85
flank muscles/ lateral muscles
What results from the thoracic cavity
compressing?
positive or increased pressure in the lungs
TERM 92
During forced exhalation, which muscles
contract?
DEFINITION 92
1. internal intercostals2. rectus abdominis
TERM 93
Which is passive during mammal ventilation?
DEFINITION 93
exhalation
TERM 94
Which is active during mammal ventilation?
DEFINITION 94
inhalation
TERM 95
What happens to the diaphragm and ribs
during inhalation?
DEFINITION 95
1. diaphragm moves caudally2. ribs move laterally and
cranially
What happens to the diaphragm and ribs
during exhalation?
1. diaphragm relaxes and moves cranially2. external
intercostals relax and ribs move medially and caudally
TERM 97
What expands and compresses in the
aspiration pump of amniotes?
DEFINITION 97
thoracic cavity
TERM 98
In the aspiration pump, air is sucked into the
lungs due to?
DEFINITION 98
low pressure created around the lungs due to an increase in
the thoracic cavity
TERM 99
Which two movements does crocodylians use
to ventilate?
DEFINITION 99
1. rib2. liver
TERM 100
What is the origin and insertion of the
diaphragmatic muscle in crocodylians?
DEFINITION 100
origin: pubisinsertion: posthepatic septum
