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Definitions and explanations of various terms related to cellular differentiation, morphogenesis, and embryonic development, including processes such as induction, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, and the role of cell adhesion molecules and positional information. It also covers the development of the vertebrate limb and the formation of extra embryonic membranes.
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specialization of cells in structure and function TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 process by which an animal takes shape TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 the effect of neighboring cells have on one another TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 the acrosome at the tip of the sperm release hydrolytic enzymes. part of the acrosomal reaction TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 gamete fusion depolarizes the egg cell membrane. part of the acrosomal reaction
cortical granules release their contents fertilization envelops forms slow block to polyspermy. (cortical reaction) in mammals it is known as the Zona pellucida TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 rise in calcium in the eggs cytosol increasescellular respiration and protein synthesis. The sperm nucleus merges with the egg nucleus and cell division begins. The embryo releases hCG which prevents menstruation, the outer layer of the blastocyst called the trophoblast eventually forms the placenta TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 fertilization is followed by cleavage, a period of rapid cell division without growth TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells called blastomeres
the polarity is defined by distribution of yolk (stored nutrients) TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 the vegetal pole has more yolk, the animal pole has less yolk TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 the three body axes are established by the egg's polarity and by a cortical rotation following binding of the sper TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 species with little or moderate amounts of yolk (sea urchins, frogs, most mammals) TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 incomplete division of the egg: species with yolk-rich eggs (reptiles and birds)
in many species that have cytoplasmic determinants, only the zygote is totipotent TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 as embryonic development proceeds, potency of cells becomes more limited it becomes pluripotent TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 Gastrulation in mammals is similar to that of birds. the embryo sits on top of a large yolk mass. the midline thickens and is called the primate streak. the movement of epiblast cells gives rise to the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 during organogenesis, the notochord forms from mesoderm, and the neural plate forms from ectoderm TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 four extra embryonic membranes form around the embryo, the chorion, amnion, yolk sac, and allantois.
cell adhesion molecules located on cell surfaces also contribute to cell migration and stable tissue structure TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 differences in cell types is differentiation, and is due to the expression of different genes TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 after cell asymmetries are set up, interactions among embryonic cells influence their fate, this mechanism is called induction, and is mediated by diffusible chemicals or cell-cell interactions. TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 fate maps are diagrams of embryonic development TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 inductive signals play a major role in pattern formation, development of spatial organization
the molecular cues that control pattern formation are called positional information TERM 37
DEFINITION 37 embryo triples in size during week 4 alone. GI tract begins to form TERM 38
DEFINITION 38 brian develops rapidly, substantial head growth. TERM 39
DEFINITION 39 limbs show significant development by 6th week. heart becomes 4-chambered TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 -digits of hands are short and webbed by the end of the week the webbing dies. -tail disappears. -eyes open. -pinna of ear visible. -external genitals begin to differentiate.
