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Osmoregulation
regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water, it balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes TERM 2
Freshwater animals
DEFINITION 2 show adaptations that reduce water uptake and conserve solutes TERM 3
desert and marine animals
DEFINITION 3 face desiccating environments that quickly deplete body water TERM 4
excretion
DEFINITION 4 gets rid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products TERM 5
osmoconformers
DEFINITION 5 are isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity
osmoregulators
expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment TERM 7
Stenohaline
DEFINITION 7 most animals are this, means they cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity TERM 8
Euryhaline
DEFINITION 8 animals can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity TERM 9
marine animals
DEFINITION 9 most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers, vertebrates and some invertebrates are osmoregulators TERM 10
Hypoosmotic?
DEFINITION 10 marine bony fishes are hypo osmotic to sea water, they lose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion and from food. They balance water loss by drinking seawater and exerting salts.
desert animals
get major water savings from simple anatomical features and behaviors such as nocturnal life cycle TERM 17
energetics of osmoregulation
DEFINITION 17 osmoregulators must expend energy to maintain osmotic gradients TERM 18
transport epithelia
DEFINITION 18 -are specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movement- they are essential component in regulation and waste disposal-they are arranged in complex tubular networksex: salt glands of marine birds, which remove excess sodium chloride from the blood. TERM 19
transport epithelia in osmoregulation
DEFINITION 19 animals regulate composition of body fluid that bathes their cells. TERM 20
nitrogenous wastes?
DEFINITION 20 an animalsnitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat. the type and quantity of an animals waste products may greatly affect its water balance.
Ammonia NH
some animals convert toxic ammonia to less toxic compounds prior to excretion TERM 22
Important wastes?
DEFINITION 22 among the most important wastes are nitrogenous breakdown products of proteins and nucleic acids. TERM 23
Waste dispersal in fish
DEFINITION 23 NH3 comes straight outbecause they live in water environment and the water will make it less toxic. the fish can save energy by doing this. TERM 24
Waste dispersal in mammals most
amphibians, sharks
DEFINITION 24 changes waste to Urea TERM 25
Waste disposal in birds, reptiles
insects
DEFINITION 25 Turns to uric acid takes a lot of energy but bird conserves water this way
protonephridia
-found in platyhelminths, rotifers, annelids, mollusk larvae and lancelets-a network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings-the smallest branches of the network are capped by a cellular unit called a flame bulb TERM 32
metanephridia
DEFINITION 32 consists of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion TERM 33
Insects waste
DEFINITION 33 insects produce a relatively dry waste matter, an important adaption to terrestrial life TERM 34
malpighian tubules
DEFINITION 34 in insects and other terrestrial arthropods, they remove the nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and function in osmoregulation. TERM 35
Mammalian excretory system
DEFINITION 35 centers on paired kidneys, which are also the principal site of water balance and salt regulation
Kidney
each kidney is supplied with blood by a renal artery and drained by renal vein TERM 37
urine
DEFINITION 37 urine exits each kidney through a duct called the ureter TERM 38
Ureters
DEFINITION 38 both ureters drain into a common urinary bladder and urine is expelled through a urethra TERM 39
Adaptions of kidney
DEFINITION 39 the form and function of nephrons in various vertebrates classes are related to requirements for osmoregulation in the animals habitat TERM 40
Mammals
DEFINITION 40 the juxtamedullary nephron contributes to water conservation in terrestrial animals
amphibians
kidney function is similar to freshwater fishes, amphibians conserve water fishes on land by reabsorbing water from the urinary bladder TERM 47
marine bony fishes
DEFINITION 47 marine bony fishes are hypoosmotic compared with their environment and excrete very little urine TERM 48
Hormonal circuits
DEFINITION 48 link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure TERM 49
Osmolarity
DEFINITION 49 mammals control the volume and osmolarity of urine to maintain solutes homeostasis and also to control blood pressure, pH and CO2 balance TERM 50
how urine is regulated
DEFINITION 50 the osmolarity of the urine is regulated by nervous and hormonal control of water and salt reabsorption in the kidneys
ADH Antidiuretic
hormone
increases water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting duct of the kidney TERM 52
Increase in
osmolarity
DEFINITION 52 triggers the release of ADH, which helps to conserve water TERM 53
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
DEFINITION 53 is part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis TERM 54
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
DEFINITION 54 A drop in blood pressure near the glomerulus causes the JGA to release the enzyme renin TERM 55
Renin
DEFINITION 55 Renin then triggers the formation of the peptide angiotensin II
