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Download Hormones Overview: Thyroid, Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, Catecholamines, Glucocorticoi and more Quizzes Biochemistry in PDF only on Docsity!
contra-inulin hormones
epinephrinnorepinephrincortisolsomatostatingrowth hormone
TERM 2
thyroid hormone basic description
DEFINITION 2
insulin counter regulatory hormone because it increases rate
of fuel consumption and sensitivity to target cells
TERM 3
glucagon
DEFINITION 3
generates
cAMPglycogenolysisgluconeogenosisketogensisliver is main
target organsecreted by pancreatic alpha cells
TERM 4
somatostatin
DEFINITION 4
inhibits the release of insulinsecreated from D cells of pancreas,
CNS, and gastric/duodenalmetabolites that increase the release:-
glucose, arginine, leucineHormones that increase secretion:-
glucagon, VIP, CCKG-protein coupled receptor familywhen
activated--> cAMP is inhibited, protein kinase A is
activatedsuppresses release of GH, TSH, insulin and glucagon
TERM 5
catecholamines
DEFINITION 5
Bioamine familydopmine = nuerotransmittertyrosine = precursor
for catecholaminessecretion of epinephrin and norepinephrin is
stimulated by stress, pain, hemmorage, exercise,hypoglycemia,
hypoxiaEpinephrin stimulates:-glycogen breakdown,
gluconeogenisis, liplysis---this is further reinforced bc it stimulates
secretion of glucagon- inhibits insulin release
Glucocorticoids
cortisol is major glucocorticoidcounterregulatory hormones
that protect the body from insulin-induced
hypoglycemiastimulates:--lipolusis in adipose tissue--realase
of AA from muscle proteins--stimulates gluconeogensis in
liver--synthesis of glycogen in liver--proteolysis in skin,
lymph, and muscle when stressed--inhibits glucose uptake
TERM 7
thyroid hormone
DEFINITION 7
secretory products of thyroid acinar cells are T3 and T4increase
glycolysis and cholesterol synthesisincrease conversion of
cholesterol to bile saltsincreases sensitivity of epineprhinincreases
flow of FA to the liver and thereby indirectly increases hepatic
triacyglycerol synthesisincreases glucose uptakestimulates protein
synthesis and growth of muscle
TERM 8
insulin regulates;
DEFINITION 8
increase muscle glucose uptakeincrease glucose useincrease
protein syntheisdecrease glucose outputdecrease
ketogenessisdecrease liver gluconeogenesisdecrease
glycogenolysisincrease (slightly) glycogenolysisincrease
protein synthesisincrease adipose fat synthesisdecrease
tissue lipolysis
TERM 9
glucagon regulates;
DEFINITION 9
increase glucose outputincrease ketogensisincrease liver
gluconeogenesisincrease glycogenolysisdecrease (slightly)
glycogenolysisincrease tissue lipolysis
TERM 10
epinephrin / norepinephrin regulates;
DEFINITION 10
increase glucose useincrease glucose outputincrease liver
gluconeogenesisincrease glycogenolysisdecrease (slight)
glycogenolysisincrease tissue lipolysis
chymotrypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen is activated by trypsinchymotrypsinogen -
-> chymotrypsinchymotrypsin favors residues that have
hydrophobic or acidic amino acids (Phe, Tyr, Trp,
Leu)chymotrypsin is a endopeptidase
TERM 17
proelastase
DEFINITION 17
activated by trypsinproelastase --> elastaseelastase is an
endopeptidasecleaves peptide bonds in which the side chain
are small ( alanine, glycine, serine)
TERM 18
procarboxypeptidase
DEFINITION 18
activated by trypsinprocarboxypeptidase -->
carboxypeptidaseremoves amino acids from the carboxyl
ends of peptide chains
TERM 19
Insulin leads to dephosphorylation of:
DEFINITION 19
PFK-2 (kinase now active)pyruvate kinase ( now
active)glycogen synthase (no activephosphorylase kinase
(now inactive)glycogen phosphorylase ( now
inactive)pyruvate dehydrogenase (now active)acetyl-Coa
carboxylase (now activewhich leads to active- glycolysis,
fatty acid synthesis, glycogen synthesis
TERM 20
glucagon leads to phosphorylation of:
DEFINITION 20
PFK-2 (phosphatase now active)pyruvate kinase (now
inactive)glycogen synthase (now inactive)phosphorylase
kinase (now active)glycogen phosphorylase (now
active)pyruvate dehydrogenase (now inactive)acetyl-Coa
carboxylase (now inactive)which leads to active:
glycogenolysis, fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis
PFK-
activated byF-2,6-BP, AMPactive in fed state
TERM 22
pyruvate
carboxylase
DEFINITION 22
activated byacetyl coaactive in fed and fasting state
TERM 23
acetyl coa
carboxylase
DEFINITION 23
activated bycitrateactive in fed state
TERM 24
CPT-
DEFINITION 24
activated byloss of malonyl coaactive in fasting state
TERM 25
glycogen synthase
DEFINITION 25
active formdephosphorylatedactive in fed state
pyruvate dehydrogenase
active formdephosphrylatedactive in fed state
TERM 32
acetyl-coa
carboxylase
DEFINITION 32
active formdephosphrylatedactive in fed state
TERM 33
glucokinase
DEFINITION 33
induced infed stateprocess affectedglucose --> TG
TERM 34
citrate lyase
DEFINITION 34
induced infed stateprocess affectedglucpse --> TG
TERM 35
acetyl coa
carboxylase
DEFINITION 35
induced infed stateprocess affectedglucose --> TG
fatty acid synthase
induced infed stateprocess affectedglucose --> TG
TERM 37
malic enzyme
DEFINITION 37
induced infed stateproccess affectedproduction of NADPH
TERM 38
glucose-6 P dehydrogenase
DEFINITION 38
induced infed stateprocess affectedproduction of NADPH
TERM 39
glucose 6 P
DEFINITION 39
induced infasting stateprocess affectedproduction of blood
glucose
TERM 40
Fructose-1,6BP
DEFINITION 40
induced infasting stateprocess affectedproduction of blood
glucose
intestinal epitheial cells fuel use in starvation
ketone bodies
TERM 47
kidney fuel use in starvation
DEFINITION 47
fatty acidketone bodies
TERM 48
function of leukotrienes
DEFINITION 48
increases:vascular permeabilityT-cell proliferationleukocte
proliferationbronchoconstriction
TERM 49
functions of prostaglandins
DEFINITION 49
increase:vasodilation /
vasocontrictioncAMPbronchocontrictionsmooth muscle
contractiondecrease:platelette aggregationleukocyte
aggregationT-cell proliferationlymphocyte migration
TERM 50
functions of thromboxanes
DEFINITION 50
increases:vasocontrictionplatelette aggregationlymphocyte
proliferationbronchocontriction
statins
inhibit HMG-Coa reductase activity
TERM 52
bile acid resins
DEFINITION 52
increase excretion of bile salts
TERM 53
niacin
DEFINITION 53
activates LPLreduces VLDLreduces catabolism of HDL
TERM 54
fibrates
DEFINITION 54
increases LPLdecrease ApoC3increase in ApoA
TERM 55
ezetimibe
DEFINITION 55
decrease absorption of free cholesterol from gut
ApoCII
source - liverlipoprotein distribution - chylomicrons, VLDL,
IDL, HDLfunction - cofactor activator of LPL
TERM 62
Chylomicrons
DEFINITION 62
TG > PL > Cholfunction - deliver dietary lipis
TERM 63
chylomicron remenants
DEFINITION 63
return dietary lipids to liver
TERM 64
VLDL
DEFINITION 64
TG > PL > Cholfunction - deliver endogenous lipids
TERM 65
IDL
DEFINITION 65
TG > Chol > PLfunction - return endogenous lipids to liver ;
precursor of LDL
LDL
Chol > PL > TGfunction - deliver cholesterol to cells
TERM 67
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1
(CPS1)
DEFINITION 67
pathway - urea cyclesource of nitrogen - NH4location -
mitochondriaactivator - NAGinhibitor - -
TERM 68
CPSII
DEFINITION 68
pathway - pyrimidine biosynthesissource of nitrogen -
glutaminelocation - cytosolactivator - PRPPinhibitor - UTP
TERM 69
gout
DEFINITION 69
gene defect - multiple causesmetabolite that accumilates -
uric acidsymptoms - painful joints
TERM 70
severe combined immunodeffiency disease
(SCID)
DEFINITION 70
gene defect - adenosine deaminase (purine salvage
pathway)metabolite that accumilates - deoxyadenosine and
derrivativessymptoms - loss of immune system function,
including T and B cells
