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Morphology
external form ( plant organs ) TERM 2
Anatomy
DEFINITION 2 Internal Organization - Arrangement of Cells and tissues within organs TERM 3
Heterotrophs
DEFINITION 3 Organism obtains organic food material by eating other organisms or their by-products TERM 4
Life on Earth's CO2 cycle
DEFINITION 4 Sun--> Photoautrophors ( PSS ) --> Carbs --> Heterotrophs ( respirtation ) --> Carbs given off. TERM 5
Photo-Autotrophs
DEFINITION 5 flowers, Ferns & Mosses, Algae, Protist, Cyanobacteria, & bacteria
Where does PSS take place? WHY?
Leaves= primary site b/c 1-- Broad, flat-like shape...solar connector 2-- pores allow gas exchage 3-- Veins transport fluid TERM 7
Chroloplast Structure
DEFINITION 7 Bound on outside by 2 membranes Infolding & no pores stroma & thylakoids. TERM 8
Photosynthesis Rxn
DEFINITION 8 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> this part has chrolphyll & sunlighgt. TERM 9
Van Niel
DEFINITION 9 Made a hypothesis that O2 comes from H20 not CO2, Tested with Purple Sulfur experiment, he was right. TERM 10
H2O split...
DEFINITION 10 by light to Protons, electrons, & O
Visible Light Range
380 - 750 nm TERM 17
Chlorophyll A
DEFINITION 17 Primary PSSic pigment Phosphorin Ring, Mg in middle, & Phytol at tail Mg= light absorbing head molecule Absorbs red & blue color, reflects green TERM 18
Accessory Pigments
DEFINITION 18 Chlorophyll b & caretonoids help by absorbing other wavelengths..broaden spectrum TERM 19
Light can be in terms of
DEFINITION 19 1- waves 2- PHOTONS, particles, ( light quanta ) TERM 20
Energy of a Photon
DEFINITION 20 is inversely proportional to its wavelength
Blue & Red
Light
Are equally equivelent during PSS TERM 22
Excited Chlorophyll A molecule returns to
ground state...
DEFINITION 22 1). Emission of Heat 2). Emission of Light INTACT CHLOROPHYLL 3). Energy transfer to neighbor molecule ( resonance induction ) 4). Ionaztion TERM 23
Photosystem
DEFINITION 23
- Cluster of about 300 Pigments : chlorophyl A & B, & caretonoids (xantophyll & caretones ) -Reduction Center ( pair of chl A's ) -Redox Componenets : e- acceptor & donor to drive PSS TERM 24
Energy Transfer in
Photosystem
DEFINITION 24 Uses resonance induction to capture light & transfer energy toward reaction center TERM 25
What occurs at the
RC?
DEFINITION 25 Ionization!! ground state--> excited state RC becomes RC+ D + A ---------> ( D+ ) + (A+) (light energy)
What happens @ PS2 upon light
absorbtion?
- Photon absorbed by antenna pigment (ChI-->ChI) 2. ChI returns to ground state by transferring energy to nearby pigment ( resonance induction ) 3. Excitation Energy passes to RC (P680) by resonance induction 4. P680 is excited to excited state P680* 5. P680 tan ionizes, losing e- to nearby acceptor (A-A) 6. On donating an e-, P680 becomes P680+(strong oxidant) 7. H2O splits donating e- one @ a time, via D to P680+ 8. P680 is restored!! TERM 32
Ferredoxin
DEFINITION 32 Used in the reduction of NADP+ TERM 33
Chemiosmosis
DEFINITION 33 An energy-coupling mech that uses the energy stored in a form of a proton gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work ( ex- ATP synthesis ) TERM 34
General Case Chemiosmosis
DEFINITION 34
- Membrane Imperable to H+, except for specific pumps & channels -electron flow is coupled with H+ translocation - Proton motive force set up -PMF drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase -PMF= Membrane potential & pH change TERM 35
Mitochondria vs Chloroplasts
DEFINITION 35 Mitochondria: -PMF principal comp: MP Chloroplasts: -PMF princ comp: change pH
Cyclic electron Flow Basics
-Invloves PS1 only -Takes place when chloroplast requires "extra" ATP to drive the calvin cycle TERM 37
Cyclic Electron Flow Process
DEFINITION 37
- P700 ----> P700* ( uses lgiht energy ) - P700 * is a strong reducing agent and loses an e- to Primary Acceptor - electron cycles back to neutralize P700+ - electron transport is coupled to movement of H+ into thylakoid space - Proton gradient drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase ** NO NADPH or O2 produced!!! ** only ATP TERM 38
What is the effect of the [CO2] on RuBP
Carboxylation Rate by Purified Rubisco?
DEFINITION 38 Keep constant: Buffer, [ RuBP ], & [ Rubisco } but, the conc of CO2 will VARY TERM 39
Calvin Cycle
DEFINITION 39 Converts CO2 to GAP Involves 3 phases: 1). Carboxylation ( Rubisco ) 2). Reduction 3). Regeration TERM 40
Charophytes & Land Plats
Similarites
DEFINITION 40 1). Rosette Shaped Cellulose- Synthesizing Complexes 2). Peroxisome Enzymes 3). Structure of Flagellated Sperm 4). Formation of Phragmoplast
"Non" Vascular Plants
also called Byrophytes, form a clade TERM 47
Vascular Plants & Non's have
Same
DEFINITION 47 Multicellular Embryos & Apical Meristems but, NON vasculars lack ROOT & LEAVES TERM 48
Clades for Vascular Plants
DEFINITION 48 1). Lycophytes: Mosses 2). Pterophytes: Ferns --> these 2 lack seeds & are paraphyletic 3). Seed Plants : * angiosperms & gymnosperms TERM 49
Seed
DEFINITION 49 Embryo packaged w/ nutrients inside a coat TERM 50
Gymnosperms
DEFINITION 50 Seeds NOT enclosed in a chamber
Angiosperms
Seed IS enclosed in champer ( ovaries ) TERM 52
Monocots
DEFINITION 52 One cotyledon Parallel Veins Scattered Vascular Tissue Full- Fibrous Root System One Pollen Grain Opening Floral Organs= multipples of 3 TERM 53
Eudicots
DEFINITION 53 Two Cotyledons Netlike Veins Ring-Like Vascular Tissue Taproot System 3 Pollen Grain Openings Floarl Organs = mult of 4/ TERM 54
"Dicots"
DEFINITION 54 Basal Angiosperms ( oldest ones ) or Mangoliids TERM 55
Mesophyll
DEFINITION 55 Interior of leaf, contains chloroplaswts
Electromagnetic Energy
Travels in Rythmic Waves; w/ dist. of electric & magnetic fields TERM 62
Wavelength
DEFINITION 62 distance between the crests of the electromagnetic wave TERM 63
Pigments
DEFINITION 63 Substance that absorbs visible llighgt TERM 64
Spectrophotometer
DEFINITION 64 measures ability of a pigment to absorb light TERM 65
Absorbtion Spectrum
DEFINITION 65 graph that plots the light absorbtion vs. wavelength SHOWS wavelength affectiveness
Action Spectrum
Profiles relative effectivness of wavelnetgth of radiation in process TERM 67
Chlorophyll A vs. B
DEFINITION 67 absorb wavelenth of different lgihts; A= blue/green B= olive green TERM 68
Caretonoids
DEFINITION 68 Shades of yellow/orange, broaden spectrum of colors to drive PSS * PHOTOPROTECTION, absorbs light energy that would damage the chlorophyll * TERM 69
Isolation Pigments
DEFINITION 69 Emit light & heat, and photons = fluoresnce it fluoresnces because it doesnt have a electron acceptor so electrons drop down to griound state TERM 70
Reaction Center
Complex
DEFINITION 70 Surrounded by light harvest compex & a special pair of chlorophyll A's
Why use cyclic electron flow?
Can allow growth in low light, & may be photoprotective TERM 77
pH in chloroplasts when illuminated
DEFINITION 77 pH thylakoids: decrease to 5 pH stroma: increase to 8 TERM 78
Calvin Cycle =
DEFINITION 78 anabolic, builds carbs from smaller molecules & consumes energy * makes G3P..which is expensive 9 ATP 6 NADPH & 3 CO TERM 79
Photorespiration
DEFINITION 79 Stomata Closes in Heat; CO2 concentration decreases in air spaces in leaf, O2 from light reactions increases TERM 80
Rubisco ( con't )
DEFINITION 80 Calvin Cycle enzyme that addes Co2 to RuBP, usually initial fixation of Carbon
C3 Plants
90 % all plants are this - ONLY have calvin cycle for Co fixation -3-PGA is the 1st stable PSS product - Stomata Open during day, close at night -Thrive in temperate climates but... - grwoth rates are limited by photorespiration TERM 82
Rubisco in C3 plants
DEFINITION 82 Binds, Provides O2 to calvin cycle, instead of CO2... no ATP or sugar provided!! TERM 83
Rate of Rubisco
DEFINITION 83 oxygenates once for every three times it carbosylates TERM 84
What happens to CO2 when Rubisco &
RuBp
DEFINITION 84 the CO2 rate increases linearly, - RUbisco works @ 50% max, slow & inefficient protien TERM 85
Examples of C3 plants
DEFINITION 85 Rice, Wheat, & Soybeans
Mesophyll Cells
Between the bundle sheath cells & the leaf surface -arranged more loosely than BS cells - CONTAIN PEP carboxlyase!! TERM 92
PEP
carboxylase
DEFINITION 92 Adds CO2 to Phosphoenolpyruvate to form Oxaloacetate! * HAS HIGH affinity for CO2, none for O TERM 93
Malate Decarboxylation
DEFINITION 93
- Leads to high CO2 levels and high CO2/O2 levels to allow Rubisco to carboxylate rapidly w/ little or no oxygenation! TERM 94
The two Carboxylases..
DEFINITION 94 -Work during the DAY when the stomata are OPEN! TERM 95
CAM plants
DEFINITION 95 Many are desert plants, living in arid climates w/ high temps, high light intensitites, & low humidities - to conserve H2O.. close stomata during day & open @ night -At night Mesophyll Cells produce Malic Acid & store it in the Vaculoes until day when ATP & NADPH are supplied
Difference between CAM plants &
C
CAM: Carbon Fixation & Calvin Cycle occur in diff times, same location C4: Carbon Fixation & Calvin Cycle; in 2 cells @ same time TERM 97
Plasticity
DEFINITION 97 Able to Alter form by enviornmental conditions TERM 98
Angiosperms
DEFINITION 98 Most prevelant Plant -most highly evolved -multicellular - PSSic -Monocots & eudicots TERM 99
Angiosperms Characterized By..
DEFINITION 99 Flowers, Double Fertilization, Endosperm, and Seeds enclosed in Chambers TERM 100
A's rely on..
DEFINITION 100 Both Root& Shoot system to survive
