Chapter 1 Review
•Nature
•Nurture
•Epigenetics
•Experiment
•Differential Susceptibility
•Plasticity
•Is development linear?
•Critical Period
•Sensitive Period
•Difference-equals-deficit-error
•Ethnic group
•Ethnicity
•Race
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Genetics & Epigenetics: A Comprehensive Study Guide, Study notes of Creativity Development
A comprehensive overview of genetics and epigenetics, covering key concepts such as chromosomes, genes, alleles, and the role of the microbiome. It explores the stages of prenatal development, including the zygote, embryo, and fetus, and discusses the impact of harmful substances during pregnancy. The document also delves into chromosomal and genetic problems, including low birthweight and its consequences. It concludes with a discussion of newborn reflexes and the importance of the mother-infant bond.
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Chapter 1 Review
- Nature
- Nurture
- Epigenetics
- Experiment
- Differential Susceptibility
- Plasticity
- Is development linear?
- Critical Period
- Sensitive Period
- Difference-equals-deficit-error
- Ethnic group
- Ethnicity
- Race
Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
- CHAPTER
- Unit
TOP TEN TOPICS
1. Genetics & Epigenetics
2. Genetic Interactions
3. Twins
4. Development from Zygote to
Newborn
5. Chromosomal & Genetic
Problems
1. Harmful Substances During Preg
nancy
2. Low Birthweight
3. Birth Itself
4. Newborns
5. New Mothers & Fathers
GENETICS &
EPIGENETICS
- Genes
- 46 chromosomes and 21,000 genes
- Chromosomes
- 23 pairs total
- 22 pairs (autosomes) are closely matched
- 23rd pair XX or Xy
- y is much smaller than X and contains fewer genes
- SRY which activates hormones at 8 weeks that direct a fetus to grow a penis (visible by 12 weeks)
- Father carries y gene. (Berger, 2021)
Define the terms:
Allele SES plasticity zygote genotype phenotype XX dominant gene recessive gene monozygotic twins dizygotic twins
GENETICS & EPIGENETICS: MICROBIOME
- All the microbes ("germs," bacteria, viruses, etc) with all their genes within a community
- Millions of microbes within and on the human body
- Most are helpful and make life better.
GENETICS &
EPIGENETICS:
SOCIAL
EXPERIENCES
- Social experiences can make the 21,000 human genes go quiet or ramp up.
- EX: chronic loneliness – brain functioning
- EX: preterm infants and stressful factors.
GENETIC INTERACTIONS
- Additive Heredity: interactions among genes and alleles " add up" to influence the phenotype
- Dominant-Recessive Heredity: some alleles are dominant (more influential) and others recessive (hidden). - Dominant genes overpower the recessive gene. - Recessive genes must be passed on by BOTH parents to show up in the phenotype. - Carrier: carries the recessive gene in the genotype, but not the phenotype.
GENETIC INTERACTIONS
TWINS
- Monozygotic (identical/MZ) twins - One zygote splits into two - Incomplete split=conjoined twins. - Same genotype but slight variations in phenotype are possible due to environmental influences. - Dizygotic (fraternal/DZ) twins - Two ova are fertilized by two sperm - Dizygotic twins have half their genes in common and occur twice as often as monozygotic twins. - Incidence is genetic and varies by ethnicity and age. Women may inherit a gene that (+) frequency of multiple ovulation
DEVELOPMENT FROM ZYGOTE TO NEWBORN
- Prenatal Development Periods
- Germinal: Days 1-
- Embryonic: Day 15-8th week
- Fetal: Week 9+
ZYGOTE TO NEWBORN:
EMBRYONIC PERIOD •^ Embryonic period: 3rd-8th week, Day 15-
- Embryo
- The neural tube and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS.
- Head
- Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth
- Heart
- Extremities
- Webbed fingers and toes separate
- Moves ~150x/hour
- ~20% of all embryos are aborted spontaneously (early miscarriage); chromosomal abnormality
ZYGOTE TO NEWBORN:
FETUS
- Fetus: 9th Week-Birth
- Genitals form; sex hormones→ fetal brain organization
- 3 Months: the fetus weighs about 3 ounces. (Deck of cards, 15 quarters, or 4 AA batteries)
- Period of greatest brain growth during the fourth, fifth, and sixth months
- Final 3 months
- Sight & sound become coordinated
- Lungs expand
- Swallow and spit amniotic fluid
- Heart valves mature
- Lobes & Brain create pathways
- By 6th month, fetus can respond to familiar voices