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A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to fetal skeletal dysplasias and heart examinations. It covers a wide range of topics, including common skeletal dysplasias, their associated ultrasound findings, and key aspects of fetal cardiac anatomy and abnormalities. Valuable for students and professionals in the field of obstetrics and fetal medicine, offering a concise and informative resource for understanding these complex conditions.
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What other defect is most likely to accompany Truncus Arteriosis? -ANSWER>>Ventricular Septal Defect
Echogenic foci are most likely seen in the ______ ______ - ANSWER>>Left ventricle what 2 things can echogenic foci in the left ventricle be? - ANSWER>>1. calcification
what is a pericardial effusion? - ANSWER>>fluid around the heart when a cardiac rhythm exceeds 180 bpm, it is known as: - ANSWER>>Tachycardia when a cardiac rhythm is below 100 bpm, it is known as: - ANSWER>>Bradycardia in which cardia anomaly is the heart located outside of the chest? -Cordis ANSWER>>Ectopia
What other pathology is Ectopia Cordis highly associated with? -of Cantrell ANSWER>>Pentology
what is skeletal dysplasia? ANSWER>>abnormal bone growth that can be lethal which skeletal dysplasia shortening the proximal portion of the limb?ANSWER>>rhizomelia
which skeletal dysplasia shortening the mid portion of the limb? ANSWER>>mesomelia in which skeletal dysplasia is the distal portion of the limb disproportionate?ANSWER>>acromelia
which type of skeletal dysplasia shortens the entire limb? ANSWER>>micromelia what measurment defines sever micromelia? -the mean GA ANSWER>>4 standard deviations below
what are 3 distinct characteristics of a lethal skeletal dysplasia -micromelia ANSWER>>1. severe
what is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia? -dysplasia ANSWER>>thanatophoric
some sonographical signs of thanatophoric dysplasia would be: -thorax ANSWER>>narrow cloverleaf skull
short trunk disproportionately large head short rib polyactyly dysplasia is a lethal anomaly. what are some of the ultrasoundfindings? - ANSWER>>severe micromelia decreased thoraic circumferencenormal cranial measurements normal bone mineralizationpolydactyly cardiac, urinary, and facial abnormalities Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia is also known as:- ANSWER>>Jeune's syndrome what are the ultrasound findings of Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia? (Jeune's) -ANSWER>>mild-moderate micromelia long, narrow thorax with horizontal ribs renal dysplasiashorter ribs, prevalence of progressive renal disease and hepatic fibrosis
chondroectodermal dysplasia is also known as:- ANSWER>>Ellis-Van Creveledsyndrome
which dysplasia is known for it's association among inbred populations?-ANSWER>>chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-Van Creveled)
Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome is generally non lethal. true or false - ANSWER>>true what are some ultrasound findings of Elis-Van Creveld syndrome? -limbs ANSWER>>short
short ribs polydactyly hitchikers thumb (abducted position of the thumb)cleft palate heart abnormalities (50% large atrial septal defect) which dysplasia is known as "brittle bone disease" -Imperfecta ANSWER>>Osteogenesis
when the shape of the skull distorts with transducer pressure, it is called "______________" sign - ANSWER>>soft skull
the "soft skull" sign is for which dysplasia? - ANSWER>>Osteogenesis Imperfecta II which for of Osteogenesis Imperfecta is most severe lethal form? - ANSWER>>OI II which types of OI are autosomal recessive? - ANSWER>>type 2, type 3 which types of OI are autosomal dominant? - ANSWER>>type 1, type 3, type 4 which type of OI leads to fractures during childhood and puberty? - ANSWER>>type 1 which type of OI is lethal in utero? - ANSWER>>type 2 which type of OI is non lethal? - ANSWER>>type 3 which type of OI is the mildest form, and not usually seen on US? - ANSWER>>type 4
an absent sacrum, fusion of lower extremities, anorectal atresia, and renal dysgenesisare the characteristics of : - ANSWER>>sirenomelia
syndactyly is: - ANSWER>>fusion of soft tissue or bony of digits ectrodactyly is: - ANSWER>>lobster claw- split hand deformity polydactyly is: - ANSWER>>extra digits. can be isolated or part of a syndrome clinodactyly is: - ANSWER>>deviation of a finger (absence of the 5th phalanx) thrombocytopenia is a type of radial ray defect when there is complete or partialabsence of the ______ - ANSWER>>radius
clubfoot is AKA: - ANSWER>>talipes talipes is an abnormal ______ of the foot, perpendicular to the lower leg -ANSWER>>inversion
when the bottom of the footis convexed outwardly, is called : -ANSWER>>rockerbottom foot
rocker bottom feet are associated with Trisomies __ and __ - ANSWER>>18 and 13 When do patients get referred for a level 2 u/s? -heart view is seen ANSWER>>when abnormal 4 chamber
___% of blood passes through foramen ovale into left atrium. - ANSWER>>60%
___% of right atrial blood enters into the right ventricle - ANSWER>>40% ____% of the main pulmonary artery volume passes the lungs via the _____ ______ andinto systemic circulation - ANSWER>>92%; ductus arteriosis
what is the situs of the normal fetal heart in the body? - ANSWER>>perpendicular in what plane is the 4 chamber heart taken? - ANSWER>>trv what is the ideal window of dates for fetal echos? - ANSWER>>18-22 weeks what is the sonographer's responsibility while assessing the fetal 4 chamber heart view?- ANSWER>>1. identify the chambers 2.evaluate the size of heart and chambers
____-____% of structural cardiac malformations can be detected from the 4 chamberview - ANSWER>>50-60%
_____ atrium is closest to the fetal spine - ANSWER>>left the descending AO should be directly posterior to the ________ atrium. - ANSWER>>left ________ ventricle is closest to the anterior chest wall - ANSWER>>right
what is ventricular septal defect? -the 2 ventricles ANSWER>>when there is communication between
what is th most common cardiac anomaly? - ANSWER>>ventricular septal defect ventricular septal defect has a(n) _______ association with other heart anomalies andchromosomal anomalies - ANSWER>>high
what is the most common type of ventricular septal defect? - ANSWER>>membranous what is atrioventricular septal defect? -interventricular septa and the tricuspid and mitral valves. due to failure of fusion in the ANSWER>>deficiency of the interatrial and central portion of the heart what is the central part of the heart also called? - ANSWER>>the endocardial cushion what view is necessary to make the diagnosis of atrioventricular septal defect? -ANSWER>>4 chamber heart
AVSD is highly associated with what chromosomal anomaly? -(40%) ANSWER>>down's
what is Ebstien Anomaly? -downward position ANSWER>>displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets in a
the ductus venous shunts blood from ____ to____. - ANSWER>>umbilical V; IVC after birth, the ductus venosus becomes. - ANSWER>>the ligamentum venosum the foramen ovale shunts blood from _____ to _____ - ANSWER>>the right atrium; left
atrium The ductus arterios shunts blood from _____ to ____ - ANSWER>>pulmonary artery; AO ___-____% of structural cardiac malformations can be detected with the 4 chamber heartview - ANSWER>>50-60%
when the Ebstine anomaly is present, what happens to the right atium? -ANSWER>>enlargement
When the Ebstine anomaly is present, What happens to right ventricle? -ANSWER>>Atrialization
the Ebstine anomaly has a ____% in utero mortality rate, and a ___% post natal mortalityrate. - ANSWER>>45;
what are the 4 cardiac anomalies that go with the Tetrology of Fallot? -Defect (VSD) ANSWER>>1.
patients with the Tetrology of Fallot are a _____ color due to _____ -cyanosis ANSWER>>blueish;
in Hypoplastic right heart, the right _____ is hypoplastic - ANSWER>>ventricle Hypoplastic right heart occurs secondary to _______ - ANSWER>>pulmonary atresia