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What other defect is most likely to accompany Truncus Arteriosis? -ANSWER>>Ventricular Septal Defect
Echogenic foci are most likely seen in the ______ ______ - ANSWER>>Left ventricle what 2 things can echogenic foci in the left ventricle be? - ANSWER>>1. calcification
- chordae tendonae Echogenic foci is a soft marker for which chromosomal anomaly? - ANSWER>>Down'' what is the most common type of fetal cardiac tumor? -sonographically, rhabdomyomas appear: - ANSWER>>hyperechoic intracardiac ANSWER>>Rhabdomyoma masses rhabdomyomas have a high association with what other pathology? -ANSWER>>tuberous sclerosis
what is a pericardial effusion? - ANSWER>>fluid around the heart when a cardiac rhythm exceeds 180 bpm, it is known as: - ANSWER>>Tachycardia when a cardiac rhythm is below 100 bpm, it is known as: - ANSWER>>Bradycardia in which cardia anomaly is the heart located outside of the chest? -Cordis ANSWER>>Ectopia
What other pathology is Ectopia Cordis highly associated with? -of Cantrell ANSWER>>Pentology
what is skeletal dysplasia? ANSWER>>abnormal bone growth that can be lethal which skeletal dysplasia shortening the proximal portion of the limb?ANSWER>>rhizomelia
which skeletal dysplasia shortening the mid portion of the limb? ANSWER>>mesomelia in which skeletal dysplasia is the distal portion of the limb disproportionate?ANSWER>>acromelia
which type of skeletal dysplasia shortens the entire limb? ANSWER>>micromelia what measurment defines sever micromelia? -the mean GA ANSWER>>4 standard deviations below
what are 3 distinct characteristics of a lethal skeletal dysplasia -micromelia ANSWER>>1. severe
- severe hypoplastic thorax3.evidence of a LETHAL anomaly (like numerous broken bones indicative of OI II)(lethal)
what is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia? -dysplasia ANSWER>>thanatophoric
some sonographical signs of thanatophoric dysplasia would be: -thorax ANSWER>>narrow cloverleaf skull
short trunk disproportionately large head short rib polyactyly dysplasia is a lethal anomaly. what are some of the ultrasoundfindings? - ANSWER>>severe micromelia decreased thoraic circumferencenormal cranial measurements normal bone mineralizationpolydactyly cardiac, urinary, and facial abnormalities Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia is also known as:- ANSWER>>Jeune's syndrome what are the ultrasound findings of Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia? (Jeune's) -ANSWER>>mild-moderate micromelia long, narrow thorax with horizontal ribs renal dysplasiashorter ribs, prevalence of progressive renal disease and hepatic fibrosis
chondroectodermal dysplasia is also known as:- ANSWER>>Ellis-Van Creveledsyndrome
which dysplasia is known for it's association among inbred populations?-ANSWER>>chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-Van Creveled)
Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome is generally non lethal. true or false - ANSWER>>true what are some ultrasound findings of Elis-Van Creveld syndrome? -limbs ANSWER>>short
short ribs polydactyly hitchikers thumb (abducted position of the thumb)cleft palate heart abnormalities (50% large atrial septal defect) which dysplasia is known as "brittle bone disease" -Imperfecta ANSWER>>Osteogenesis
when the shape of the skull distorts with transducer pressure, it is called "______________" sign - ANSWER>>soft skull
the "soft skull" sign is for which dysplasia? - ANSWER>>Osteogenesis Imperfecta II which for of Osteogenesis Imperfecta is most severe lethal form? - ANSWER>>OI II which types of OI are autosomal recessive? - ANSWER>>type 2, type 3 which types of OI are autosomal dominant? - ANSWER>>type 1, type 3, type 4 which type of OI leads to fractures during childhood and puberty? - ANSWER>>type 1 which type of OI is lethal in utero? - ANSWER>>type 2 which type of OI is non lethal? - ANSWER>>type 3 which type of OI is the mildest form, and not usually seen on US? - ANSWER>>type 4
an absent sacrum, fusion of lower extremities, anorectal atresia, and renal dysgenesisare the characteristics of : - ANSWER>>sirenomelia
syndactyly is: - ANSWER>>fusion of soft tissue or bony of digits ectrodactyly is: - ANSWER>>lobster claw- split hand deformity polydactyly is: - ANSWER>>extra digits. can be isolated or part of a syndrome clinodactyly is: - ANSWER>>deviation of a finger (absence of the 5th phalanx) thrombocytopenia is a type of radial ray defect when there is complete or partialabsence of the ______ - ANSWER>>radius
clubfoot is AKA: - ANSWER>>talipes talipes is an abnormal ______ of the foot, perpendicular to the lower leg -ANSWER>>inversion
when the bottom of the footis convexed outwardly, is called : -ANSWER>>rockerbottom foot
rocker bottom feet are associated with Trisomies __ and __ - ANSWER>>18 and 13 When do patients get referred for a level 2 u/s? -heart view is seen ANSWER>>when abnormal 4 chamber
___% of blood passes through foramen ovale into left atrium. - ANSWER>>60%
___% of right atrial blood enters into the right ventricle - ANSWER>>40% ____% of the main pulmonary artery volume passes the lungs via the _____ ______ andinto systemic circulation - ANSWER>>92%; ductus arteriosis
what is the situs of the normal fetal heart in the body? - ANSWER>>perpendicular in what plane is the 4 chamber heart taken? - ANSWER>>trv what is the ideal window of dates for fetal echos? - ANSWER>>18-22 weeks what is the sonographer's responsibility while assessing the fetal 4 chamber heart view?- ANSWER>>1. identify the chambers 2.evaluate the size of heart and chambers
- evaluate the mediastinal shift 4.assess the axis of heart5.situs
____-____% of structural cardiac malformations can be detected from the 4 chamberview - ANSWER>>50-60%
_____ atrium is closest to the fetal spine - ANSWER>>left the descending AO should be directly posterior to the ________ atrium. - ANSWER>>left ________ ventricle is closest to the anterior chest wall - ANSWER>>right
what is ventricular septal defect? -the 2 ventricles ANSWER>>when there is communication between
what is th most common cardiac anomaly? - ANSWER>>ventricular septal defect ventricular septal defect has a(n) _______ association with other heart anomalies andchromosomal anomalies - ANSWER>>high
what is the most common type of ventricular septal defect? - ANSWER>>membranous what is atrioventricular septal defect? -interventricular septa and the tricuspid and mitral valves. due to failure of fusion in the ANSWER>>deficiency of the interatrial and central portion of the heart what is the central part of the heart also called? - ANSWER>>the endocardial cushion what view is necessary to make the diagnosis of atrioventricular septal defect? -ANSWER>>4 chamber heart
AVSD is highly associated with what chromosomal anomaly? -(40%) ANSWER>>down's
what is Ebstien Anomaly? -downward position ANSWER>>displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets in a
the ductus venous shunts blood from ____ to____. - ANSWER>>umbilical V; IVC after birth, the ductus venosus becomes. - ANSWER>>the ligamentum venosum the foramen ovale shunts blood from _____ to _____ - ANSWER>>the right atrium; left
atrium The ductus arterios shunts blood from _____ to ____ - ANSWER>>pulmonary artery; AO ___-____% of structural cardiac malformations can be detected with the 4 chamber heartview - ANSWER>>50-60%
when the Ebstine anomaly is present, what happens to the right atium? -ANSWER>>enlargement
When the Ebstine anomaly is present, What happens to right ventricle? -ANSWER>>Atrialization
the Ebstine anomaly has a ____% in utero mortality rate, and a ___% post natal mortalityrate. - ANSWER>>45;
what are the 4 cardiac anomalies that go with the Tetrology of Fallot? -Defect (VSD) ANSWER>>1.
- Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
- Overriding AO4. Pulmonary Artery Steosis
patients with the Tetrology of Fallot are a _____ color due to _____ -cyanosis ANSWER>>blueish;
in Hypoplastic right heart, the right _____ is hypoplastic - ANSWER>>ventricle Hypoplastic right heart occurs secondary to _______ - ANSWER>>pulmonary atresia
