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Animal Waste and Feed Additives: Impacts on Human Health and the Environment, Slides of Marketing Management

An overview of animal waste and feed additives, including roxarsone (arsenic), hormones, antibiotics, and other animal waste products. It discusses the environmental impact of these substances, with a focus on their potential health effects on humans. The document also covers the use of human biosolids and the challenges of managing animal waste.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 07/29/2013

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Feed Additives
Roxarsone (arsenic)
-Mainly used as an antimicrobial and growth promoter in chickens
and hogs
-Approximately 2 million pounds of arsenic are emitted into the
environment from U.S. poultry operations (Garbarino, 2003)
Hormones
-Antigens, estrogens, progesterones
-95 percent of feedlot cattle receive hormones for growth
production
Antibiotics (see next slide)
Other animal waste products
-Poultry litter is commonly used as feedstuff in cattle
Recommended resource: Sapkota et al. (2007). What do we feed to
food-production animals? A review of animal feed ingredients and their
potential impacts on human health. Environ Health Perspect, 115, 5,
663–670. (see course reading list)
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Feed Additives

 Roxarsone (arsenic)

Mainly used as an antimicrobial and growth promoter in chickens

and hogs

Approximately 2 million pounds of arsenic are emitted into the

environment from U.S. poultry operations (Garbarino, 2003)

 Hormones

Antigens, estrogens, progesterones

95 percent of feedlot cattle receive hormones for growth

production

 Antibiotics (see next slide)

 Other animal waste products

Poultry litter is commonly used as feedstuff in cattle

 Recommended resource: Sapkota et al. (2007). What do we feed to

food-production animals? A review of animal feed ingredients and their

potential impacts on human health. Environ Health Perspect, 115, 5,

663–670. (see course reading list)

Antibiotics in Animal Feed

 Antibiotics

An estimated 25 million pounds of antibiotics are used in U.S.

food animal production (Mellon et al., 2001)

Possibly speeds growth, reduces feed requirements, and

reduces mortality

About 75 percent of antibiotics are excreted in waste

(Kummerer, 2004)

Animal Waste

 Quantity

Number of animals, feed conversion efficiency, and

handling method

 Quality

Feed inputs, crowded conditions, and waste treatment

 Distribution

How and where it’s applied

Untreated Animal Waste Applications to Farm Land

Human Biosolids and Food-Animal Wastes

Number per gram dry weight

Humans Animals

Bacteria

Fecal coliforms

Fecal streptococci

Salmonella spp.

E. coli 0157:H

107 –10^8

106 –10^7

102 –10^3

N/A

1.3 x 10^ 3.3 x 10^66 (poultry)^ (swine)

2.3 x 10^5 (cattle)

3.4 x 10^ 8.4 x 10^67 (poultry)^ (swine)

1.3 x 10^6 (cattle)

9.6 x 10^104 –10^7^3 (cattle)^ (swine)

101 –10^7 (poultry)

6.9 x 10^102 –10^6 4 (cattle)^ (swine)

Protozoa

Giardia sp. 102 –10^3 2.2 x 10 5.3 x 10^24 (cattle)(swine)

Too Little Land per Animal

animal units^ Number of^ Very small <50 50–299^ Small 300–1,000^ Medium >1,000^ CAFOs Total

Avg. acres per animal unit* 14.91 3.50 1.20 0.18 0.

*One animal unit equals approximately 1,000 pounds live weight

Swine Waste Pits (Lagoons)

Photo by Soil-Science.Info via flickr.com. Creative Commons BY

Benefits of Dry Manure Handling System

 Reduces amount of material to be treated

 Limits runoff into surface and groundwater

 Helps sanitize waste before reuse, e.g., composting

 Reduces odor-generating compounds

 Reduces fly breeding

Summary of Current Problems with Animal Waste

 More animals are being raised and therefore more waste is produced

 Animals produced in concentrated geographic locations

 Land application of waste is also more concentrated; more animals

per acre

 Waste is not treated

 Adding water augments these problem

Efficient for the producer

Problematic for the community