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FAMILY MEDICINE PAEA FINAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS (WELL VERIFIED)
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Angina - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Hypertension, diabetes, smoking,
hyperlipidemia, family history. Inves- tigations: Gold Standard: Coronary angiography. First-Line: ECG, exercise stress test. Treatment: Nitroglycerin (acute), beta-blockers (first-line), aspirin, statins, lifestyle changes.
Arrhythmias - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Heart disease, thyroid disorders,
electrolyte imbalances. Investigations: Gold Standard: Electrophysiology study. First-Line: ECG, Holter monitor. Treatment: Antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone), anticoagulation (e.g., apixaban for AF), catheter ablation.
Chest Pain - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: CAD, GERD, anxiety, pulmonary disease.
Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: Depends on cause (e.g., angiography for CAD). First-Line: ECG, troponins, chest X-ray. Treatment: Cause-specific (e.g., nitroglycerin for angina, PPI for GERD).
Congestive heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Hypertension, CAD, diabetes,
obesity. Investigations: Gold Standard: Echocardiogram. First-Line: BNP, ECG, chest X-ray. Treatment: Furosemide (symp- toms), ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril), beta-blockers, spironolactone (advanced).
Coronary Artery Disease - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Smoking, hypertension,
diabetes, hyperlipidemia. Investigations: Gold
Standard: Coronary angiography. First-Line: Stress test, ECG. Treatment: Statins, aspirin, beta-blockers, PCI or CABG if severe.
Endocarditis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: IV drug use, valve disease, prosthetic
valves. Investigations: Gold Standard: Transesophageal echocardiogram. First-Line: Blood cultures, transthoracic echo. Treatment: IV antibiotics (e.g., vancomycin), surgery for complications.
Hyperlipidemia - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Genetics, obesity, sedentary
lifestyle, diabetes. Investigations: Gold Standard: Lipid panel. First-Line: Fasting lipid profile. Treatment: Statins (e.g., atorvastatin), lifestyle modification (diet, exercise).
Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Genetics, obesity, sedentary lifestyle,
diabetes. Investigations: Gold Standard: Lipid panel. First-Line: Fasting lipid profile. Treatment: Statins (e.g., atorvastatin), lifestyle modification (diet, exercise).
Hypertriglyceridemia - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Genetics, obesity, sedentary
lifestyle, diabetes. Investigations: Gold Standard: Lipid panel. First-Line: Fasting lipid profile. Treatment: Statins (e.g., atorvastatin), lifestyle modification (diet, exercise).
Peripheral Vascular Disease - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Genetics, obesity,
sedentary lifestyle, diabetes. Investigations: Gold
Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Chest X-ray if severe. Treatment: Supportive care (acute), antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin) if bacterial.
Pneumonia - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Smoking, viral infections, air pollution.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Chest X-ray if severe. Treatment: Supportive care (acute), antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin) if bacterial.
Sleep Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Smoking, viral infections, air pollution.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Chest X-ray if severe. Treatment: Supportive care (acute), antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin) if bacterial.
Tobacco - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Smoking, viral infections, air pollution.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Chest X-ray if severe. Treatment: Supportive care (acute), antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin) if bacterial.
TB - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Immunosuppression, crowded living, travel to
endemic areas. Investi- gations: Gold Standard: Sputum AFB culture. First-Line: TST/IGRA, chest X-ray. Treatment: RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) for active TB.
Anal Fissure - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Constipation, childbirth, anal trauma.
Investigations: Gold Standard:
Anoscopy. First-Line: Clinical exam. Treatment: Topical nitroglycerin, fiber, sitz baths, surgery if refractory.
Appendicitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Young age, male sex, obstruction.
Investigations: Gold Standard: CT abdomen. First-Line: Ultrasound, CBC. Treatment: Appendectomy, antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone).
Bowel Obstruction - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Young age, male sex,
obstruction. Investigations: Gold Standard: CT abdomen. First-Line: Ultrasound, CBC. Treatment: Appendectomy, antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone).
Cirrhosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Young age, male sex, obstruction.
Investigations: Gold Standard: CT abdomen. First-Line: Ultrasound, CBC. Treatment: Appendectomy, antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone).
CRC/colonic polyps - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Age, family history, IBD, diet.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Colonoscopy. First-Line: FIT, colonoscopy. Treatment: Polypectomy, surgery, chemotherapy/radiation for cancer.
Diarrhea/constipation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Diet, medications, IBS,
infections. Investigations: Gold Standard: Colonoscopy (chronic). First-Line: Stool studies, CBC. Treatment: Loperamide (diar- rhea), fiber/laxatives (constipation), treat underlying cause.
Standard: Stool microscopy/PCR. First-Line: Stool antigen tests. Treatment: Metron- idazole (Giardia), specific antiparasitics (e.g., praziquantel).
hemmorrhoids - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Constipation, pregnancy, obesity.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Anoscopy. First-Line: Clinical exam. Treatment: Fiber, sitz baths, hemorrhoidec- tomy if severe
Hiatal Hernia - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Obesity, age, pregnancy.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Endoscopy. First-Line: Barium swallow, CT. Treatment: PPIs, lifestyle changes, surgery for large hernias.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Genetics, smoking
(Crohn's), family history. Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: Colonoscopy with biopsy. First-Line: Fecal calprotectin, imaging. Treatment: Mesalamine (mild), biologics (e.g., infliximab), surgery.
IBS - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Genetics, smoking (Crohn's), family history.
Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: Colonoscopy with biopsy. First-Line: Fecal calprotectin, imaging. Treatment: Mesalamine (mild), biologics (e.g., infliximab), surgery.
Jaundice - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Hepatitis, alcohol, gallstones, malignancy.
Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: Liver biopsy (cause-specific). First-Line: Ultrasound, LFTs. Treatment: Treat underlying cause (e.g., antivirals for hepatitis, cholecystectomy for stones).
Pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Alcohol, gallstones,
hypertriglyceridemia. Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: CT abdomen. First-Line: Lipase, ultrasound. Treatment: IV fluids, NPO, pain control, treat underlying cause.
Peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Alcohol, gallstones,
hypertriglyceridemia. Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: CT abdomen. First-Line: Lipase, ultrasound. Treatment: IV fluids, NPO, pain control, treat underlying cause.
Viral Hepatitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Alcohol, gallstones,
hypertriglyceridemia. Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: CT abdomen. First-Line: Lipase, ultrasound. Treatment: IV fluids, NPO, pain control, treat underlying cause.
Sinusitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Allergies, nasal polyps, viral infections.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Nasal endoscopy. First-Line: Clinical diagnosis, CT sinuses. Treatment: Nasal corticosteroids, antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) for bacterial.
Allergic Rhinitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Allergies, environmental triggers,
family history. Investigations: Gold Standard: Skin prick test. First-Line: Clinical history. Treatment: Antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine), nasal corticosteroids, allergen avoidance.
aphthous ulcers - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Stress, trauma, vitamin deficiencies.
Investigations: Gold Standard:
Corneal culture. First-Line: Fluorescein staining. Treatment: Topical antibiotics (e.g., fluoroquinolone), antivirals (e.g., trifluridine for HSV).
dacryocystitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Contact lenses, trauma, infections.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Corneal culture. First-Line: Fluorescein staining. Treatment: Topical antibiotics (e.g., fluoroquinolone), antivirals (e.g., trifluridine for HSV).
Ectropion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Aging, facial paralysis, trauma.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Eye exam. Treatment: Surgical correction, artificial tears.
Entropion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Aging, scarring, trauma. Investigations:
Gold Standard: Clinical diag- nosis. First-Line: Eye exam. Treatment: Surgical correction, lubrication
Epistaxis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Aging, scarring, trauma. Investigations:
Gold Standard: Clinical diag- nosis. First-Line: Eye exam. Treatment: Surgical correction, lubrication
Glaucoma - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Aging, scarring, trauma. Investigations:
Gold Standard: Clinical diag- nosis. First-Line: Eye exam. Treatment: Surgical correction, lubrication
Horteolum - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Poor hygiene, blepharitis, rosacea.
Investigations: Gold Standard:
Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Eye exam. Treatment: Warm compresses, erythromycin if infected.
Hyphens - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Trauma, anticoagulation, sickle cell
disease. Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: Slit-lamp exam. First-Line: Visual inspection. Treatment: Urgent ophthalmol- ogy referral, bed rest, atropine.
Labyrinthitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Trauma, anticoagulation, sickle cell
disease. Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: Slit-lamp exam. First-Line: Visual inspection. Treatment: Urgent ophthalmol- ogy referral, bed rest, atropine.
Laryngitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Trauma, anticoagulation, sickle cell
disease. Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: Slit-lamp exam. First-Line: Visual inspection. Treatment: Urgent ophthalmol- ogy referral, bed rest, atropine.
Macular Degeneration - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Age, smoking, genetics, UV
exposure. Investigations: Gold Standard: Fundoscopy, OCT. First-Line: Amsler grid, fundoscopy. Treatment: AREDS vitamins, anti-VEGF (e.g., ranibizumab) for wet AMD.
Meniere Disease - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Genetics, autoimmune, allergies.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Au- diometry. First-Line: Clinical history, hearing test. Treatment: Low-salt diet, diuret- ics, meclizine, intratympanic steroids.
Nasal Polyps - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Asthma, aspirin sensitivity, chronic
sinusitis. Investigations: Gold
Pterygium - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: UV exposure, dry climates, dust.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Slit-lamp exam. Treatment: Observation, artificial tears, surgery if vision affected.
Retinal Detachment - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Myopia, trauma, prior eye
surgery. Investigations: Gold Standard: Fundoscopy. First-Line: Dilated eye exam. Treatment: Urgent surgical repair (e.g., vitrectomy).
Retinal Vascular Occlusion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Hypertension, diabetes,
glaucoma, smoking. Investigations: Gold Standard: Fluorescein angiography. First-Line: Fundoscopy. Treatment: Anti-VEGF (e.g., ranibizumab), manage risk factors, urgent referral.
Retinopathy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Diabetes, hypertension, smoking.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Fun- doscopy. First-Line: Dilated eye exam. Treatment: Glycemic/BP control, anti-VEGF, laser photocoagulation.
Sialadenitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Dehydration, stones, bacterial infection.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Ultrasound/CT. First-Line: Clinical exam. Treatment: Antibiotics (e.g., cephalexin), hydration, sialogogues.
Tinnitus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Hearing loss, noise exposure, medications.
Investigations: Gold Stan- dard: Audiometry. First-Line: Clinical history. Treatment: Sound therapy, treat underlying cause, CBT.
Tympanic Membrane Perforation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Trauma,
infection, barotrauma. Investigations: Gold Standard: Oto- scopy. First-Line: Clinical exam. Treatment: Observation, keep ear dry, surgery (tympanoplasty) if persistent.
Breast Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Age, BRCA mutations, family history,
HRT. Investigations: Gold Standard: Biopsy. First-Line: Mammogram, ultrasound. Treatment: Lumpectomy/radiation (early), mastectomy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy.
Breast Mass - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Age, hormonal factors, family history.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Biopsy. First-Line: Ultrasound, mammogram. Treatment: Observation (benign cysts), excision or further treatment if malignant.
Cervical Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: HPV, smoking, immunosuppression,
multiple partners. Investigations: Gold Standard: Colposcopy with biopsy. First-Line: HPV test, Pap smear. Treatment: LEEP/conization (early), hysterectomy, chemoradiation (advanced).
Cystocele - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Childbirth, obesity, aging. Investigations:
Gold Standard: Pelvic exam. First-Line: Clinical exam. Treatment: Pelvic floor exercises, pessary, surgery (anterior repair).
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Childbirth, obesity,
aging. Investigations: Gold Standard: Pelvic exam. First-Line: Clinical exam. Treatment: Pelvic floor exercises, pessary, surgery (anterior repair).
Dysmenorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Young age, heavy menses,
Acute and Chronic Lower Back pain - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Obesity,
sedentary lifestyle, poor posture. Investigations: Gold Standard: MRI. First-Line: Clinical exam, Xray if red flags. Treatment: Physical therapy, NSAIDs, surgery for severe cases.
Chostochondritis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Trauma, overuse, viral infections.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Physical exam, ECG to rule out cardiac. Treatment: NSAIDs, rest, local heat.
Fibromyalgia - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Female sex, stress, family history.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis (ACR criteria). First-Line: Symptom history, rule out mimics. Treatment: Duloxetine, pregabalin, exercise, CBT.
Ganglion cysts - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Joint trauma, female sex,
osteoarthritis. Investigations: Gold Standard: Ultrasound. First-Line: Clinical exam. Treatment: Observation, aspiration, surgical excision if symptomatic.
Gout - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Purine-rich diet, obesity, alcohol, renal
disease. Investigations: Gold Standard: Joint aspiration (urate crystals). First-Line: Serum uric acid, X-ray. Treat- ment: Colchicine (acute), allopurinol (chronic), NSAIDs.
OA - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Age, obesity, joint injury, genetics.
Investigations: Gold Standard: X- ray. First-Line: Clinical exam, X-ray. Treatment: Acetaminophen, NSAIDs, physical therapy, joint replacement.
Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Age, female sex, low BMI, smoking.
Investigations: Gold Standard: DEXA scan. First-Line: Bone density test. Treatment: Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate), calcium/vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise.
Overuse Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Repetitive motion, poor
ergonomics, sports. Investigations: Gold Standard: MRI. First-Line: Clinical exam, ultrasound. Treatment: Rest, physical therapy, NSAIDs, ergonomic changes.
Plantar Fasciitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Obesity, high arches, prolonged
standing. Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Physical exam, X-ray to rule out fracture. Treat- ment: Stretching, orthotics, NSAIDs, corticosteroid injections.
Reactive Arthritis [Reiter's syndrome] - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Infections
(e.g., Chlamydia), HLA-B27. Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: ESR/CRP, HLA-B27 testing. Treatment: NSAIDs, treat underlying infection, DMARDs if persistent.
Rheumatoid Arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Female sex, smoking,
genetics. Investigations: Gold Standard: Anti-CCP, RF, X-ray. First-Line: ESR/CRP, RF. Treatment: Methotrexate, biologics (e.g., adalimumab), corticosteroids.
Sprains, strains and dislocation/subluxation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors:
Physical activity, poor conditioning, trauma. Investigations: Gold Standard: MRI. First-Line: Clinical exam, X-ray to rule out fracture. Treatment: RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), physical therapy.
SLE - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Female sex, African descent, genetics.
Investigations: Gold Standard: ANA, anti-dsDNA. First-Line: ANA, CBC. Treatment: Hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants.
Parkinson's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Age, genetics, environmental
toxins. Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis (UK Brain Bank criteria). First-Line: Neurological exam, DaTscan. Treatment: Levodopa/carbidopa, dopamine agonists, DBS.
Seizure Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Head trauma, stroke, genetics.
Investigations: Gold Standard: EEG. First-Line: Brain MRI, EEG. Treatment: Antiepileptics (e.g., levetiracetam), surgery if focal.
Syncope - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Dehydration, cardiac disease, autonomic
dysfunction. Investigations: Gold Standard: Tilt-table test. First-Line: ECG, orthostatics. Treatment: Hydration, treat underlying cause, beta-blockers (vasovagal).
Transient Ischemic Attack - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Hypertension, diabetes,
smoking, AF. Investigations: Gold Standard: Brain MRI. First-Line: CT, carotid ultrasound. Treatment: Aspirin, statins, manage risk factors.
Vertigo - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Inner ear disorders, migraines, trauma.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Audiometry, VNG. First-Line: Dix-Hallpike, clinical exam. Treatment: Epley maneuver (BPPV), meclizine, treat underlying cause.
Acanthosis Nigricans - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Obesity, diabetes, insulin
resistance. Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Glucose testing, skin exam. Treatment: Weight loss, treat underlying diabetes, topical retinoids.
Acne vulgaris - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Puberty, hormonal changes, genetics.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Skin exam. Treatment: Topical benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, oral antibiotics (severe).
Actinic Keratosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: UV exposure, fair skin, age.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Biopsy. First-Line: Clinical exam. Treatment: Topical 5-fluorouracil, cryotherapy, PDT.
BCC - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: UV exposure, fair skin, age. Investigations:
Gold Standard: Biopsy. First-Line: Skin exam. Treatment: Mohs surgery, excision, topical imiquimod (super- ficial).
Bulbous pemphigoid - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Age, autoimmune disease,
medications. Investigations: Gold Standard: Skin biopsy with immunofluorescence. First-Line: Clinical exam. Treatment: Prednisone, topical corticosteroids, immunosuppressants.
Cellulitis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Skin breaks, diabetes, lymphedema.
Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Skin exam, CBC if systemic. Treatment: Oral cephalexin, IV antibiotics if severe.
Condyloma Acuminatum - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: HPV, multiple sexual
partners, immunosuppression. Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Visual inspection. Treatment: Imiquimod, cryotherapy, surgical excision.
Dermatitis (Eczema, Seborrhea) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Risk Factors: Allergies, genetics,
stress, fungal infections. Investigations: Gold Standard: Clinical diagnosis. First-Line: Skin exam, KOH prep (seborrhea). Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, antifungals (seborrhea), moisturizers.
