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Understanding Volcanic Rocks: Guide to Basalt, Andesite, & Rhyolite, Summaries of Geology

An overview of volcanic rocks, their compositions, and the environments in which they form. Learn about the different types of volcanic rocks, including basalt, andesite, and rhyolite, and their unique characteristics. Discover where these rocks occur and the geologic settings that give rise to them.

Typology: Summaries

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/27/2022

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ashnay 🇺🇸

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EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS
ROCKS
Volcanoes and Volcanic Rocks
What’s your favorite
volcano?
Famous Volcanoes
Basalts
Dotsero, CO
Kilauea
Mauna Loa
Haleakala
Hekla
Andesites
Fuji
St. Helens
Ranier
Shasta
Stromboli
Vesuvius
Popocatepetl
Orizaba
Pelée
Rhyolites
Yellowstone
Valles
Long Valley
Crater Lake
Pinatubo
Krakatao
Santorini
Campi Phlegri
(Naples)
Do you clean your
volcanoes regularly?
Where do volcanoes occur? Where do volcanoes occur?
Plate Boundaries (98%)
Divergent
Ocean-ocean convergent
Ocean-continent
Convergent
Hot (wet) Spots
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pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe

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EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS

ROCKS

Volcanoes and Volcanic Rocks

What’s your favorite

volcano?

Famous Volcanoes

  • Basalts
  • Dotsero, CO
  • Kilauea
  • Mauna Loa
  • Haleakala
  • Hekla
    • Andesites
    • Fuji
    • St. Helens
    • Ranier
    • Shasta
    • Stromboli
    • Vesuvius
    • Popocatepetl
    • Orizaba
    • Pelée
      • Rhyolites
      • Yellowstone
      • Valles
      • Long Valley
      • Crater Lake
      • Pinatubo
      • Krakatao
      • Santorini
      • Campi Phlegri (Naples)

Do you clean your

volcanoes regularly?

Where do volcanoes occur? Where do volcanoes occur?

• Plate Boundaries (98%)

  • Divergent
  • Ocean-ocean convergent
  • Ocean-continent

Convergent

• Hot (wet) Spots

Where do volcanoes not

occur?

• Cratons

• Passive continental margins

• Oceanic abyssal plains

• Continent – continent

convergent boundaries

Most Volcanoes are at Plate Boundaries

Igneous Rock Names

and Compositions

• Intrusive

Rock Name

  • Peridotite
  • Gabbro
  • Diorite
  • Granite

• Composition

Name

  • Ultramafic
  • Mafic
  • Intermediate
  • Silicic (felsic)

• Volcanic

Rock Name

  • (Komatiite)
  • Basalt
  • Andesite
  • Rhyolite

Magma and Lava

  • Magma is the term for any molten

silicate material, whether below

the surface or on top.

  • Volcanic rocks are erupted on the

surface.

  • Volcanic rocks are fine-grained (< mm)
  • Lava is the term for a magma on

the surface.

Most Volcanoes are at Plate Boundaries

Geologic Settings

Cinder Cone + Caldera, (Basalt) Skjaldbreidur Shield, (Basalt)

Caldera, (Basalt) Halemaumau Basalt Flow Grand Canyon

< 1My old

Columnar Basalt Basaltic Eruptions

  • Low Viscosity
  • High Temperature (1000 - 1200ºC)
  • Normally Quiescent Lava Flows
    • Aa - early, low temperature, blocky flow
    • Pahoehoe - later high temperature ropy flow
    • Pillow Lavas - underwater flow
  • Edifice
    • Shields
    • Cinder cones

Famous Volcanoes

  • Basalts
  • Dotsero, CO
  • Kilauea
  • Mauna Loa
  • Haleakala
  • Hekla
  • Vulcan’s Throne - Andesites - Fuji - St. Helens - Ranier - Shasta - Stromboli - Vesuvius - Popocatepetl - Orizaba - Pelée - Etna - Rhyolites - Yellowstone - Valles/Jemez - Long Valley - Crater Lake - Pinatubo - Krakatao - Santorini - Campi Phlegri (Naples)

Most Volcanoes are at Plate Boundaries

Andesite Eruptions

  • Higher viscosity ( higher polymerization)
  • Lower temperature
  • More water, more explosive
  • Subduction zone volcanism
  • Flows
    • Viscous lava flows
    • Pyroclastic flows
  • Edifice
    • Composite Cones

Geologic Settings

Which volcanic environment will, on average, produce the most felsic (silicic) lavas? A. Mid-ocean ridge B. Island arc C. Continental arc D. Oceanic hotspot

Clicker Question

Plate tectonics explains the

global pattern of volcanism.

Which volcanic environment will, on average, produce the most felsic (silicic) lavas? A. Mid-ocean ridge B. Island arc C. Continental arc D. Oceanic hotspot

Clicker Question

Plate tectonics explains the

global pattern of volcanism.

Ash Flow Eruption,

Llaima Volcano, Chile

Composite Cone, Mt. St Helens

Andesite Eruptions

  • Higher viscosity ( higher polymerization)
  • Lower temperature
  • More water, more explosive
  • Subduction zone volcanism
  • Flows
    • Viscous lava flows
    • Pyroclastic flows (Nuée Ardente)
  • Edifice
    • Composite Cones

Famous Volcanoes

  • Basalts
  • Dotsero, CO
  • Kilauea
  • Mauna Loa
  • Haleakala
  • Hekla
  • Vulcan’s Throne - Andesites - Fuji - St. Helens - Ranier - Shasta - Stromboli - Vesuvius - Popocatepetl - Orizaba - Pelée - Etna - Rhyolites - Yellowstone - Valles/Jemez - Long Valley - Crater Lake - Pinatubo - Krakatao - Santorini - Campi Phlegri (Naples)

Clicker Question

  • Which of the following is an

example of a basalt volcano?

  • A. Mt St. Helens
  • B. Yellowstone
  • C. Mauna Loa
  • D. Mt Pinatubo
  • E. Mt. Fuji

Clicker Question

  • Which of the following is an

example of a basalt volcano?

  • A. Mt St. Helens
  • B. Yellowstone

– C. Mauna Loa

  • D. Mt Pinatubo
  • E. Mt. Fuji

Clicker Question

  • Which of the following is an

example of an andesite volcano?

  • A. Kilauea
  • B. Yellowstone
  • C. Mauna Loa
  • D. Mt Pinatubo
  • E. Mt. Fuji

Ash-Flow Tuff Unit Ash-Flow Tuff Unit

Non-Welded Top

Welded Core

Vitrophyre

Non-welded base

Silicic Tuff Units (Jemez, NM)

Obsidian Flow

Non-welded

Air-Fall Units

Sulfur Fumarole, Nysseros

Caldera with Cinder Cone

Crater Lake, OR

Geyser

Old Faithful

(Yellowstone)

Rhyolite Eruptions

  • Very high viscosity
  • Low temperature (600 - 800ºC)
  • Massive Pyroclastic eruptions
    • Air fall (pumice)
    • Ash Flow (Nuée Ardente) Tuff
    • Obsidian Flows
  • Edifice
    • Caldera (5 - 25 km)
    • Resurgent dome

Andesite Eruptions

  • Higher viscosity ( higher polymerization)
  • Lower temperature
  • More water, more explosive
  • Subduction zone volcanism
  • Flows
    • Viscous lava flows
    • Pyroclastic flows
  • Edifice
    • Composite Cones

Basaltic Eruptions

  • Low Viscosity
  • High Temperature (1000 - 1200ºC)
  • Normally Quiescent Lava Flows
    • Aa - early, low temperature, blocky flow
    • Pahoehoe - later high temperature ropy flow
    • Pillow Lavas - underwater flow
  • Edifice
    • Shields
    • Cinder cones

Crater Lake, OR

A.Basalt

B.Andesite

C.Rhyolite

Crater Lake, OR

A.Basalt

B.Andesite

C.Rhyolite

Famous Volcanoes

  • Basalts
  • Dotsero, CO
  • Kilauea
  • Mauna Loa
  • Haleakala
  • Hekla
    • Andesites
    • Fuji
    • St. Helens
    • Ranier
    • Shasta
    • Stromboli
    • Vesuvius
    • Popocatepetl
    • Orizaba
    • Pelée
      • Rhyolites
      • Yellowstone
      • Valles/Jemez
      • Long Valley
      • Crater Lake
      • Pinatubo
      • Krakatao
      • Santorini
      • Campi Phlegri (Naples)

Volcanic Terms

  • Ultramafic
  • Mafic
  • Intermediate
  • Silicic
  • Basalt
  • Andesite
  • Magma
  • Lava
  • Aa
  • Pahoehoe
    • Pillow Lava
    • Shield
    • Composite Cone
    • Cinder Cone
    • Caldera
    • Pyroclastic
    • Nuée Ardente
    • Air Fall
    • Ash Flow
      • Tuff
      • Obsidian
      • Vitrophyre
      • Pumice
      • Resurgent dome
      • Hot Spring
      • Geyser
      • Rhyolite

EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS

ROCKS

Volcanoes and Volcanic Rocks

Igneous Rock Names

and Compositions

• Intrusive

Rock Name

  • Peridotite
  • Gabbro
  • Diorite
  • Granite

• Composition

Name

  • Ultramafic
  • Mafic
  • Intermediate
  • Silicic (felsic)

• Volcanic

Rock Name

  • (Komatiite)
  • Basalt
  • Andesite
  • Rhyolite

Most Volcanoes are at Plate Boundaries

Famous Volcanoes

  • Basalts
  • Dotsero, CO
  • Kilauea
  • Mauna Loa
  • Haleakala
  • Hekla
  • Vulcan’s Throne - Andesites - Fuji - St. Helens - Ranier - Shasta - Stromboli - Vesuvius - Popocatepetl - Orizaba - Pelée - Rhyolites - Yellowstone - Valles - Long Valley - Crater Lake - Pinatubo - Krakatao - Santorini - Campi Phlegri (Naples)

Volcanic Terms

  • Ultramafic
  • Mafic
  • Intermediate
  • Silicic
  • Basalt
  • Andesite
  • Magma
  • Lava
  • Aa
  • Pahoehoe
    • Pillow Lava
    • Shield
    • Composite Cone
    • Cinder Cone
    • Caldera
    • Pyroclastic
    • Nuée Ardente
    • Air Fall
    • Ash Flow
      • Tuff
      • Obsidian
      • Vitrophyre
      • Pumice
      • Resurgent dome
      • Hot Spring
      • Geyser
      • Rhyolite

Clicker Not Registered

Clicker Not Registered

  • McClelland, A • Keegan, R.
    • Moten, J.
    • Runyon, K.
    • Scott, G.
    • Shepley, J.
    • Wheeler, S.

Clicker Not Registered

  • McClelland, A • Keegan, R.
    • Moten, J.
    • Runyon, K.
    • Scott, G.
    • Shepley, J.
    • Wheeler, S.